AHN 





A DISSERTATION 


Presented to the Beard of University Studies of the Johns Hopkins University 
for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 


BY : 
JAMES WILLIAM KERN 





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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2008 with funding from 
Microsoft Corporation 


https://archive.org/details/anakataincomposi0Okernrich 





ANA ann KATA 


IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE 


A DISSERTATION 


Presented to the Board of University Studies of the Johns Hopkins University 
for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 


BY 
JAMES WILLIAM KERN 


BALTIMORE 
1915 


Ζθε Lord Waktimore Press 


BALTIMORE, MD., U.S. A. 


CORRECTIONS. 


P. 11, 1. 6, instead of δὶ οὕς read δι᾿ οὕς 

ye ee? 27; " τ: taste ΕΣ taste, 

oi ona yf ἐς ἐξ κυλινδόμενώς 2 κυλινδόμενός 
ΡΥ... 72.; . τ πωκῇ τ, πωλῇ 
πέρ ἀπὸ ἢν : ) 
Co a aie | “ δ 

ἀν > Seis 87 2 δὲ ry εἰμὲν eg εἰ μὲν 
abs. 31, : “ ἀναβρυχησάμενοας, “ ἀναβρυχησάμενος 
Saar 3, Ἢ * Curt. Grundz, Gur. Grundz:, 
ee 32, τς δ εὐηθικῶϑ5 εἰ εὐηθικῶς 
cane” QT, a ἐξ ὠρθῶς ae ὀρθῶς 
δι" 35; ἐ e TOUS ae τοὺς 

δ 20; αἱ ἢ τινες τς τινες 

“ 39, “ 25, ¥ 4 15) ᾿ }15 

Pe aa  2 Ὁ εἶ ὅπως ἐς ὅπως 

ine νἀ ys εὐξαίνην ἐξ εὐξαίμην 
Ve EE i τ πρύμνα5 Ke πρύμνας 

δ 45, ὰ 9, “ “ Idns oe Ἴδης 
ΟΡ αν 4; ἐς is TEpLpavas περιφανῶς 
τ sag ie 5 δ κατά “ Κατά 
tates 23; pS as πένθοΞ as πένθος 


regarded tne same point ΟἹ departure, is to assume arbitrarily. 
There is correspondence between the two sets of words in 
particular instances, but it is no part of the purpose of this 
paper to trace these correspondences, inasmuch as they are 


346620 





ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH 
CASE: 


Il. INTRODUCTORY. 


The strongly marked relation of contrast existing between 
the particles ἀνά and κατά, whether as separate words or in 
composition, throughout the literature from the earliest record 
invites an examination, in parallel treatment and with some 
measure of detail, of their use. This treatment requires con- 
sideration of (1) the meaning of the particles; (2) the force 
of the cases employed; (3) parathetic combinations; (4) 
prepositional complexes. 

The usual statement that the radical sense of ἀνά is ‘up’, 
of κατά ‘down’, while perhaps as close an approach to the 
truth as can be made by means of a definition compressed 
within the limits of a single term, is necessarily misleading 
and is an illustration of the futility of the attempt to force 
one language into the mould of another. As well might one, 
upon noting the simultaneously equal speed of two projectiles 
in space, conclude that their initial velocity was the same. 

Apart from the general observation that probably no word 
of one language, however unmistakable itself in meaning, 
exactly covers the ground of a word in another, the vagueness 
of the reproduction is enhanced in those cases in which defi- 
niteness of signification is lacking in the defining word. Even 
though it be conceded that, as a mere matter of ‘translation’ 
—largely a surface process—‘up’ necessarily reflects ἀνά, 
‘down’ κατά, a concession by no means allowable, it is still to 
be borne in mind that ‘up’ and ‘down’ are terms that depend 
for their application upon the point of view, the point of de- 
parture. To assume that the user of ἀνά and κατά and the 
user of ‘up’ and ‘down’ occupied the same point of view, 
regarded the same point of departure, is to assume arbitrarily. 
There is correspondence between the two sets of words in 
particular instances, but it is no part of the purpose of this 
paper to trace these correspondences, inasmuch as they are 


346620 


4) ἈΝΑ ἈΝὺ KATA In CoMPOSITION AND WITH (ΑΒΕ. 


sporadic and of no special importance except for occasional 
illustration. Term-for-term definition can, at best, do no 
more than roughly approximate the word's true meaning, 
which must be-found, if found, in etymology and use, in the 
behavior of the word as the Greek saw and handled it. 


1. EryMmo.ocy oF ’Ava. 


The first syllable of ἀνά is commonly referred to the deictic 
stem a-, which appears also in ἐςκεῖ, αὖ, ἄλλος The augment 
arose from the same source. See Whitney, Language and its 
Study, p. 267; Curtius, Gk. Vb., pp. 72-76; G. Meyer, Gr. 
Grammatik, 5. 420; L. Meyer, Vergl. Grammatik, 5. 577; 
Brugmann, Comp. Gram., IV, p. 24; V. Henry, Comp. Gram., 
p. 256. 

If Brugmann’s view that the augment was originally an in- 
dependent word, an adverb to which the verb afterwards be- 
came enclitic, is correct, this fact appears to throw some light 
on the practical disappearance from the language of ava as a 
separate word. The deictic character of both prefixes fur- 
nished the verb an appui of which in course of time it availed 
itself universally. The coalition may have been retarded in 
the case of ἀνά during the Homeric period by the fact that an 
explicit article was as yet undeveloped. 

The association of ava with the accusative was maintained 
only at the cost of a struggle; there is a contending of force 
against force: on the one hand the force that will keep the 
image before the eye, on the other the force that tends toa 
conclusion. The particle was driven into the bosom of the 
verb and exercised its function under the verb’s protection. 

External influences and situations constitute the chief 
sphere in which ἀνά operates. Thus, as verbal prefix, with 
verbs of (1) questioning: ἀνερωτᾶν ; (2) emotion: ἀναγελᾶν, ava- 
καγχάζειν, ἀνακλαίειν, particularly where the cause is present as 
indicated by verbs of sight, hearing; (3) memory: ἀναμιμνή- 
σκεσθαι; (4) search: ἀναμένειν, dvepevvav, ἀνευρίσκειν. 

Whatever view is held of the origin of οὐ, 
whether with L. Meyer (p. 599, op. cit.) it 
be derived from a pronominal stem or with 
Horton-Smith (A. J. P. 18.52) we refer it to an Idg. root 
meaning ‘fail,’ there is not lacking in the word evidence of 


"Ava compared 
with ov. 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 5 


the feeling on the part of its users of a deictic content which 
appears in the negative of statement in general, more particu- 
larly in that use of it in which reference is made to the sub- 
stance of what goes before (A. J. P. 3. 202). 

This power of pointing to the surroundings, to that which 
calls for attention from the outside, is strikingly shown in 
Homer in protases of the εἰ (ai) οὐ type as contrasted with 
those in which py appears (A. J. P. 33. 449). There are 85 
εἰ (aijv) py protases in Homer (Il. 52, Od. 28, Hymns 5). 
Of these, 48 are of the unreal form and in every instance the. 
protasis follows, although the positive unreal protasis is not 
so restricted (Il. 23.526). The tone of expression, produced by 
the order, is passionless, deliberate. The obstruction is first 
located, then removed. Of the remaining 37 protases 29 fol- 
low. Here the tone of calm assurance on the part of the 
speaker gives the clue to the order. Vision is not disturbed. 
Time is taken for reflection, correction. Examples are: II. 2. 
εν 57 ae. 5. Τὰ}. 216. 7. 8. 14: 12%. τό. 32: Od. 2..71.-§. 
$76.67 270. 14. 373. 16. 103. 17.383: ἢ Cer. 78. In the eight 
protases which precede are expressed various emotions. In 
Il. 1. 137. 324 the speaker’s sense of the wrong done him over- 
rides prudence. In 9. 515 appeal is made to the hearer’s self- 
love and feeling of what is due him. The fancy of the hero 
must be tickled. Od. I. 289 suggests the speaker’s sympathy. 
In 2. 220 appears the impulsiveness of filial love. In 9. 410 
the hearers’ reasoning faculty adapts uy from the preceding 
deceptive Ov-, and their surprise at the announcement gives 
the conditional member its prominence. Compare 14. 398 and 
h. Mere. 174, which conveys a threat. In all there is a note 
of nervousness distinctly at variance with the tone of the re- 
verse order. 

Ei (at) ov is found in 14 passages in Homer: Il. 3. 288. 4. 
55- 160. 9. 435. 15. 162. 178. 215. 20. 129. 138. 24. 296. Od: 2. 
274. 12. 382. 13. 144. 19. 85. In every case the protasis pre- 
cedes. Here the deliberateness, on the one hand, that charac- 
terizes uy when it sinks restfully and confidently to the end 
and the impulsiveness which marks it in its rush to the front 
under the stress of personal feeling on the other are arrested 
by external circumstances which affect not only the character 
of the negative, but also the order. The intervention of the 


6 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


apodosis would be a barrier between the pointer and the thing 
pointed at. In οὐ is implied the impress of the surroundings 
on the actor, in μῇ the impress of the actor on the surround- 
ings. 

What has been said of οὐ in this connection seems true 
whether fully developed adhaerescence (εἰ οὐκ ἐθέλωσιν, εἰ οὐκ 
εἰῶ) or only its shadow is present. Ov, as ἀνά, seeks the shelter 
of the verb, but neither on that account ceases to point. M7 
knows no adhaerescence, seeks no shelter, asks no quarter. My 
will have the last word or will explode. 

The external influence affecting the negative varies in 
character. Compare Hdt. 5.907. Dem. 54. 29. Eur. Ion 347 
In Plat. Prot. 319 B: ὅθεν δὲ αὐτὸ ἡγοῦμαι οὐ διδακτὸν εἶναι μηδ᾽ ὑπ᾽ 
ἀνθρώπων παρασκευαστὸν ἀνθρώποις the shift from οὐ to wy marks 
the advance from the plane of observed fact to the plane of 
personal guaranty, the merging of particular items in general 
conclusion. For the effect of the order, whereby the actual 
foreshadows the ideal, compare οὐ py (A. J. P. 3. 202. 23. 134). 
Compare Soph. Ph. 1058: ἐγώ θ᾽, ὃς οἶμαι σοῦ κάκιον οὐδὲν ἂν] 
τούτων κρατύνειν, μηδ᾽ ἐπιθύνειν χερί, where the first negative re- 
flects σοῦ, the second ἐγώ. 

Another point of attachment of ἀνά to οὐ through the aug- 
ment appears in the fact that the augment is employed only 
with that mood of which οὐ is primarily and preéminently the 
negative, and the bond is drawn still closer if, as Curt. 
(Grundztige, fiinfte Aufl., 5. 306) holds, ava is related to the 
negative prefix. 

Fluctuation between οὐ and py appears in expressions of 
conditional form depending on emotional notions, according 
as the emotion is excited by some external fact or observation, 
or is due to the personal attitude of the speaker. Thus, Isoc. 
1. 44: καὶ py θαυμάσῃς, εἰ πολλὰ τῶν εἰρημένων οὐ πρέπει σοι πρὸς τὴν 
νῦν παροῦσαν ἡλικίαν. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐμὲ τοῦτο διέλαθεν. Thuc. I. 121, οὐ 
harks back to χρήματα xré. Dem. 15. 23, οὐ refers to the fact, 
recited in 22, how ᾿Αργεῖοι resisted Λακεδαιμόνιοι. Plat. Phaed. 
g7 A. Lysias 30. 32, reference is to definite experiences. 
Isae. 6. 2. Dem. 8. 55. 38. 18. Aeschin. 3. 242. Hdt. 7. 9. 46. 
Plat. Meno οἱ D. Μῆ developing the personal, ideal side of 
emotion appears in Dem. 4. 43. Aeschin. 3. 147. Plat. Lach. 194 


x 


é ἘΠΕ ἢ > }~ > ~ > ε Loa ~ Ν 7? ’ eke ’ meant 
B3 και ὡς ἀληθῶς ayaVvakTw, ει OVTWOL GA VOW μὴ οἰὸς Τ εἰμι εἰπειν 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 7 


νοεῖν μέν γὰρ ἔμοιγε δοκῶ περὶ ἀνδρείας 6 τι ἔστιν, οὐκ οἷδα δ᾽ ὅπῃ με ἄρτι 
διέφυγεν, ὥστε μὴ ξυλλαβεῖν τῷ λόγῳ αὐτὴν καὶ εἰπεῖν 6 τι ἔστιν, the 
complaint is a protest, not against external conditions, but 
against the speaker’s own lack of power to express himself. 

The element -νά of ava suggests the -vo- of ἐκεῖνος, the far- 
away, dreamland demonstrative, whose incapacity to assume 
real leadership (A. J. P. 23. 124), to do more than pose, sin- 
gularly reproduces in usage the behavior of the particle. 
’Exeivos is preéminently the demonstrative of external relation, 
of situations in which appeal is made to sight, hearing, mem- 
ory, either actually or by implication. Thuc. 1. 51: πρίν τινες 
ἰδόντες εἶπον ὅτι νῆες ἐκεῖναι ἐπιπλέουσι " τότε δὲ Kai αὐτοὶ ἀνεχώρουν. 
3. 50: ἡμέρας τε ἀναμιμνῆσκομεν ἐκείνης ἡ τὰ λαμπρότατα μετ᾽ αὐτῶν 
πράξαντες νῦν ἐν τῇδε τὰ δεινότατα κινδυνεύομεν παθεῖν. Andoc. 3. 
25: ἀναμνήσθητε γὰρ... τῆς ἡμέρας ἐκείνης, ὅτε Βοιωτοῖς τὴν συμμα- 
χίαν ἐποιούμεθα, τίνα γνώμην ἔχοντες ταῦτα ἐπράττομεν. Dem. 10. 18. 
20. 160: παρὰ πάντα δὲ ταῦτα ἐκεῖνο ἔτι ἀκούσατέ μου. 21. 216. 
Plat. Symp. 223 A: ταῦτα ἐκεῖνα... τὰ εἰωθότα. 


III. ΕΤΥΜΟΙΟΟΥ or Κατά. 


The first syllable of κατά seems referable to the stem of 
the interrogative pronoun as it appears in Skt. kas, Ionic 
Kos, κότερος, Latin quis. On the phonology, Curt., Grundz., 
S. 466. 

Throughout the literature from Homer onward there per- 
sists in κατά the sense of dominance of the situation by power 
physical and other. The notion of conscious control of the 
matter in question is imbedded in that use of the interrogative 
in which the questioner enforces his personal conviction, the 
question that strangles reply. 1]. 1. 123: πῶς yap τοι δώσουσι 
γέρας μεγάθυμοι ᾿Αχαιοί; Dem. 18. 312: ἀλλ᾽, ὦ τᾶν, εἰ μηδὲν τούτων, 


"» , \ , J ~ ΄ “ 50)» “Ὁ “ 

ευνοία γε και προθυμία που: ποτε: ΟΟΤΙΒΙ 37 οὐδ OTE GTAVTES ... 
οὐδὲ τότε... ἐπέδωκας οὐδὲν, οὐκ ἀπορῶν, πῶς γάρ; ὅς γε κεκληρονό- 
μηκας. .. So in Latin: quin taces, quin tace, quin etiam, 


wherein the speaker’s confident assertion or direction has 
substituted the original note of interrogation. (Οἷς. Mil. 20: 
quin sic attendite. Fam. 7. 30.1: quin hinc ipse evolare cupio. 
The equivalence of statement in this use of the question is 
even more clearly shown by its treatment in or. obl.: Quid se 
posse. This form of interrogation, as opposed to that in 


8 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


which an answer is expected, a complement implied, connotes 
the power of generalization. It has the actualities under con- 
trol, has but to announce the decision. Compare the use of 
οὗτος (A. J. P. 23. 124) at the head of the sentence, scorning 
the formal copula, surveying and summing up the details of 
what goes before. 

Upon οὗτος, the universal demonstrative, hinges the relative 
(A. J. P. 23. 256), and to the latter, as to the former, belongs 
the power of assembling the scattered items into an ordered 
whole. The creative sense is present in the causal clause, in 
the concessive, the granted notion (A. J. P. I. 54). 

In the generic relative, veiling the imperative, is indicated 
the sweep of the eye over the whole field, the vision conjured 
up, and the negative is the negative of the creative sphere 
(A. J. P. 23. 132,134). The generalizing force of the rela- 
tive is enhanced by the attachment of the indefinite, often with 
dismissive ovv—a manner of sigh of relief over the attained 
result. Thuc. 4. 16: 6 τι δ᾽ ἂν τούτων παραβαίνωσιν ἑκάτεροι Kai 
ὁτιοῦν, τότε λελύσθαι τὰς σπονδάς. Compare the universalizing 
nature of -cunque, -que (Gildersleeve L. G. 111. 2) and the 
abandon of the double formations. Quidquid id est. 

The copulative que (Vanitek, Etymologisches Worterbuch, 
S. 43), as its kindred τε, joins like to like, claims its own, 
takes the next term as a matter of course (A. J. P. 31. 361). 
If τε is derived from the interrogative-indefinite stem (Curt., 
Grundz., S. 487), the claim of generalization that is made for 
it would appear well founded. This seems to be the effect of 
the particle in connection with οἷος. The tendency latent in 
the word is developed, direction is given to power. οἷος is 
‘disposition ’, οἷός τε ‘ position’ (A. J. P. 7. 165). 

The -τά of κατά suggests the -το- of οὗτος, the immediate, 
present, pressing demonstrative. Κατά has taken on its com- 
pleted form at the beginning of our record, and the steps by 
which it reached that form may not with certainty be traced, 
but what was more natural than that, in the development of 
the word’s highly specialized sense, the interrogative should 
summon to its aid so significant an element of so potent a 
member of the company in which it trained? The power of 
᾿ οὗτος at the head of the sentence would suggest this and the 
crisp, masterful way in which this demonstrative summarizes 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 9 


and dismisses the matter in hand, e. g. in the inverted order 
of the relative clause, brings it strikingly close to κατά, Dem. 
4. 30: ἃ μὲν οὖν ἡμεῖς... δεδυνήμεθα εὑρεῖν, ταῦτ᾽ ἐστίν. 

Kara’s kinship through the interrogative to the indefinite τις 
is illustrated in the emphatic use. Eur. El. 939: ἤυχεις τις 
εἶναι τοῖσι χρήμασι σθένων. So, where τις represents an unnamed, 
secret source of power. Soph. Aj. 965: οἱ yap κακοὶ γνώμαισι 
τἀγαθὸν χεροῖν | ἔχοντες οὐκ ἴσασι, πρίν τις ἐκβάλῃ. The sense of 
importance latent in τις is developed in the combination οὐ τις 
by the nature of the negative. Ovcan pose and point at its 
superiors; μὴ does no pointing, no posing, acknowledges no 
superiors. 

There appears a strong tendency in the group of verbs 
which regularly or occasionally take μῇ with the or. obl. infin. 
(A. J. P. 31. 77) to admit κατά as prefix. So, αἰνεῖν: Soph. 
O. C. 1633. ἀρνεῖσθαι: Ar. Eq. 572, Soph. Ant. 442. γιγνώ- 
oxetv: Xen, Cyr.6. 1. 36.d5o0xetv: Plat. Prot. 352 C, Hdt. 6. 16, 
ἐγγυᾶσθαι: Plat. Prot. 336 D, Legg.872 Β. ἐλπίζειν: Dem. 
28. 22, Hdt. 8. 136. ἐρεῖν: Xen. Cyr. 7. 1. 18, Hdt. 5. 92. ἡγεῖ- 
σθαι: Plat. Sophist. 230 D, Theaet. 200 E. λέγειν; Plat. Rep. 
346 E, Il. 24. 407. μαρτυρεῖν: Lys. 7.11, Dem. 28. 11. νεύειν: 
ἢ. Mere. 525. ὀμνύναι: Hdt. 2. 179, Dem. 39. 4. ὁμολογεῖν: 
Plat. Prot. 336 B, Andoc. 1. 42. rtgreverv: Xen. An. 1. 9. 8, 
Plut. Lysan. 8. φάναι: Xen. Mem. 1. 2. 39, Soph. O. T. 505. 
Of these the great majority do not compound with ἀνά, 
Among verbs of showing and knowing with dependent parti- 
ciple δεικνύναι and εἰδέναι admit wy and compound with 
cata. Thuc. 1. 76. Soph. Ant. 1064. Eur. Tro. 970. Plat. 
Rep. 407 D. 

PV. Cases. 


The union of two distinct elements constitutes the ultimate 
basis of language. First, action, which clothes itself in forms 
collectively termed verb. Action, primarily considered, is in- 
dependent of external limitation, is the product of will. 
Among the attributes of action as manifested in language are 
mood, tense, voice. Second, that which is known to grammar 
as noun. Noun is in its nature limitative, the complement of 
verb (A. J. P. 23. 10). Attributes of noun are case, number, 
gender. The play of thought between these poles produces 


10 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


language (A. J. P. 31. 362-3). Noun and verb invade each 
other’s territory. ‘They footed it’. ‘It’s a go’. Fix the 
verb, it becomes a noun. Melt the noun, it becomes a verb 
(Ag ἘΠ 720: 2γοὴ: 

The cases, the character of whose limitation of action re- 
quires consideration here, are the accusative and the genitive. 
The dative is involved in very subordinate degree. 

The accusative, αἰτιατικὴ πτῶσις, in case 
force stands in marked antithesis to the geni- 
tive. For, whereas the genitive presents the 
notion of a sphere of possibilities, a field largely independent 
of that which falls within its range, be this noun or verb, the 
accusative has no existence apart from action (A. J. P. 2. 
88-9). 

The accusative has been described (Gildersleeve, L. G. 327) 
as forming temporary compounds with the verb. It marks 
the effect, the precipitate of the action, and is its representative 
in substantive form; is the action crystallized. Plat. Sophist. 
230 C: ἀπαλλάττονται πασῶν ἀπαλλαγῶν ἀκούειν τε ἡδίστην Kal τῷ 
πάσχοντι βεβαιότατα γιγνομένην. Polit. 258 A: οὐδέτερα, i. 6., οὔτε 
συνέμιξα οὔτε ἀκηῆκοα. Soph. Ph. 918: NE. μὴ στέναζε πρὶν μάθης. 
ΦΙ. ποῖον μάθημα; Ar. Plut. 1056: βούλει διὰ χρόνου πρὸς ἐμὲ παῖσαι 

νος. παιδιὰν τίνα ; Dem. I. 11: τὸ μεμνῆσθαι τὴν χάριν. 

Transitoriness and mobility of action reflects itself in accusa- 
tive case usage and close at hand lies the suggestion of power, 
creative, destructive (A. J. P. 23. 134; 33. 448), which is ca- 
pable not only of storing itself in the substantive, but of releas- 
ing itself again therefrom upon the subject. 1]. 6. 468: ὄψιν 
ἀτυχθεὶς, | ταρβήσας χαλκόν τε ἰδὲ λόφον ἱππιοχαίτην. The neuter, 
result of action (A. J. P. 31. 77), is readmitted to the stream 
at its source: παῖς is τέκνον trailing toxeis. To this power of 
completing the circuit of the action, of returning it upon itself, 
is perhaps best referred the sense of recoil dominant in the 
impersonals ἐξόν and the like as reflected in their habitual co- 
loring of opposition (A. J. P. 6. 336.25. 111). The accusative, 
forced into the open, carries the heat and glow of the action, 
which may reveal itself in the form of a terminus, a dead 
wall of resistance, at any point. Object and objéct are one 
(A. J. P. 31.76). Compare the compressive, precipitative effect 
of the aorist by the side of the imperfect. The stream ap- 


The 
Accusative. 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. II 


pears and disappears, contracts and expands before the eye of 
the beholder. 

This recall of the action borrowed from the verb is mani- 
fested in the common prose use of διά with the accusative. 
Plat. Rep. 549 D: καὶ ἐλαττουμένης διὰ ταῦτα ἐν ταῖς ἄλλαις γυναιξίν. 
Dem. 6. 6: δὲ οὕς, the compulsion exercised by λογισμοί: δι᾿ ὧν, 
the channel in which the vision moves. 

For illustration of these qualities may be mentioned, on the 
one hand, the principle of prolepsis, a manner of arbitrariness, 
whereby the verb nervously summons from the heart of an- 
other construction what it will (A. J. P. 23.19). The case 
employed here is usually the accusative. Dem. 36. 59: οὐ 
yap ἔγωγ᾽ ὁρῶ καιρὸν ἐν τίνι ἂν μᾶλλον βοηθήσειέ τις αὐτῷ, the very 
core of the matter rushes into the embrace of the verb. Plat. 
Rep. 506 C: οὐκ ἤσθησαι τὰς ἄνευ ἐπιστήμης δόξας, ὡς πᾶσαι aicxpat ; 
Legg. 664 E: τάξεως δ᾽ αἴσθησιν... ἐφάπτοιτο, a spark before the 
flash. In Od. 3. 193: ᾿Ατρεΐδην δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ dxovere...| ds τ᾽ HAG’, 
the accusative is the subordinate clause in miniature. Lycurg. 
62: τὴν Τροίαν τίς οὐκ ἀκῆκοεν ὅτι... ἀοίκητός ἐστι; Xen. An. 3. 
5. 18: τὴν γὰρ ὑπερβολὴν τῶν ὀρέων ἐδεδοίκεσαν μὴ προκαταληφθείη. 
The proleptic word occurs, however, also in the genitive in 
different setting. Dem. 19. 39: ᾿Ακούετε, ὦ ἄνδρες ᾿Αθηναῖοι, 
τῆς ἐπιστολῆς, ὡς καλὴ καὶ φιλάνθρωπος, the case foreshadows 
contact with details, recognizes an outside world. 

On the other hand, the so-called attraction of the relative, 
almost invariably from the accusative, illustrates the readiness 
of the case to allow itself to be dismissed. The accusative 
represents work done; it makes way for that which contains 
more vitality. This facility of movement, unsteadiness of 
form, is well shown by Dem. 48. 45: τῆς οἰκίας ἧς ἔφασκες μι- 
σθῶσαί μοι ὡς σαυτοῦ οὖσαν, where the form recovers itself as the 
force which banished it fades with distance. In Isoc. 15. 133: 
ὁρᾷς δὲ τὴν φύσιν τὴν τῶν πολλῶν ὡς διάκειται πρὸς τὰς ἡδονὰς, Kal 
διότι μᾶλλον φιλοῦσι τοὺς πρὸς χάριν ὁμιλοῦντας, prolepsis ἀπά at- 
traction are combined; the detail, apart from case, involved in 
φύσις is reflected in ws, while the particular instance that comes 
in διότι is foreshadowed in the case. Compare Soph. El. 480: 
ὕπεστί μοι Opdacos,|.. . κλύουσαν [. Plat. Rep. 422 B: οὐδ᾽ εἰ 
ἐξείη... ὑποφεύγοντι. . . ἀναστρέφοντα κρούειν. The action, the 
expression of will, leaves the traces of its conjuring, whether 


12 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


up or down, in the case. Compare Livy 21. 5. 5: partiendo 
praedam beside stipendio exsolvendo. ‘Easy come, easy go’. 

The genitive exhibits the character of a 
convenient, if fossilized (Gildersleeve, Pindar, 
I. E. p. go), adjective. Thus, to cite a few 
instances from many, Od. 20. 264-5: δήμιος, ᾿Οδυσῆος match 18. 
353: Ὀδυσήιον. Hdt. 5. 101: καλάμιναι, καλάμους Plat. Prot. 
313 B: ἑσπέρας ἀκούσας, ὄρθριος ἥκων. Theaet. 194 E: κοπρῶδες, 
τοῦ κηροῦ. Dem. 22. 70: σαπροὺς, ἴων ἢ ῥόδων, χρυσίου. Aesch. 
Cho. 489: οἴκτειρε θῆλυν ἄρσενός θ᾽ ὁμοῦ γόον. Beside Il. 9. 219: 
ἷζεν... | τοίχου τοῦ ἑτέροιο may be ranged Eur. And. 266: κάθησ᾽ 
éSpaia. Perhaps the same principle is present in such uses as 
that of Il. 24. 264: ἵνα πρῆσσωμεν ὁδοῖο (qs. 6dvor?). Compare 
ἀκούειν with predicate adjective. Soph. O. C. 988: οὐ yap οὔτ᾽ 
ἐν τοῖσδ᾽ ἀκούσομαι κακὸς | γάμοισιν. 

The element in common is emphasis on the noun-pole as 
contrasted with the verb-pole. Compare ποὺ in its appeal to 
the outside (A. J. P. 30.14). Soph, O. C. 1549: ὦ φῶς ἀφεγγὲς, 
πρόσθε πού ποτ᾽ ἦσθ᾽ ἐμὸν. Note the suspending force of the 
case in expressions of time. Plat. Legg. 798 B: ἀκίνητοι γένων- 
ται μακρῶν καὶ πολλῶν χρόνων. By the employment of either the 
poles are kept apart, perspective is provided, the picture is 
painted, the spectator is implied, who may be jubilant, Aesch. 
Agam. 1359: νεκρὸς δὲ τῆσδε δεξιᾶς χερὸς, | ἔργον δικαίας τέκτονο---- 
compare ‘my meat’—or querulous, Ar. Ach. 1: τὴν ἐμαυτοῦ 
καρδίαν. Soph. El. 1183: φεῦ τῆς ἀνύμφου δυσμόρου τε σῆς τροφῆς. 
It is the clinging thing—taste, smell, touch—that attracts or 
repels. Hdt. 6. 5: ἐλευθερίης γευσάμενοι. Eur. Alc. 1069: ὦ 
τλήμων ἐγὼ, | ὡς ἄρτι πένθους τοῦδε γεύομαι πικροῦ. * Out, damned 
spot !’. 

This interchangeableness of form, based on equivalence of 
content, occurs with many varieties of shading. Thus, con- 
trast Il. 5. 741: Topyein κεφαλὴ δεινοῖο πελώρου and 8. 349: Top- 
yous ὄμματ᾽ ἔχων with Ar. Nub. 153: τῆς λεπτότητος and Av. 317: 
ἄνδρε yap λεπτὼ σοφιστὰ δεῦρ᾽ ἀφῖχθον ὡς ἐμέ. Genitive and parti- 
ciple reciprocate. Compare Od. 10. 411: ἐπὴν βοτάνης κορέσων- 


ται with 499: αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κλαίων τε κυλινδόμενώς τ᾽ ἐκορέσθην. 


The 
Genitive. 


The genitive is a mixed case, but the fact that it involves 
the possibility of ablative force seems in no way to hinder the 
identification in sense of the two forms of expression. lor 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 13 


example, the existence, potentially, of the ablative in the ad- 
jective is suggested, in the light of Od. 15. 425: ἐκ μὲν Cidavos 
πολυχάλκου εὔχομαι εἶναι, by 1]. 6. 290: ἔργα γυναικῶν | (ιδονίων, 
τὰς αὐτὸς ᾿Αλέξανδρος θεοειδὴς | ἤγαγε Cidovinfey and, in general, it 
must be left to the nature of the surroundings to determine 
which of the two phases of the case’s use, the pure or the ab- 
latival, is covered by the adjective in a particular instance. 

The participle also—the adjective in motion (A. J. P. 23. 
12)—alternates with the case and at once interprets it and is 
interpreted by it in situations in which from the nature of the 
connection the ablative sense is implied. Eur. Hipp. 473: 
λῆγε μὲν κακῶν φρενῶν, | λῆξον δ᾽ ὑβρίζουσ᾽. Let the skin but be 
loose (A. J. P. 23. 259), it is capable of backward as well as 
forward movement. 

Whatever objection (A. J. P. 2. 93) may be raised to the 
etymological identification of genitive and adjective, the readi- 
ness with which the one substitutes or parallels the other in 
use seems a clear indication that the Greek user felt the con- 
tent to be the same. The fact that there is not a separate 
adjective expression corresponding to each category of geni- 
tive usage can hardly be taken to mean that to the Greek con- 
sciousness the two forms were not substantially equivalent. 
The mere formal handiness of the case, the comparative ease 
with which by its use the parts entering into the presentation 
of a complex idea can be combined. give it in many situations 
preference over the adjective. Thus, while in Plat. Legg. 708 
D πολυχρόνιον might easily both in sense and in formation have 
matched παγχάλεπον, the adjective that in 819 D had paralleled 
ἀνθρώπινον, substituting in full measure of meaning ὑηνῶν τινῶν 
θρεμμάτων, would have been a monstrosity. The function, 
however, is clearly established in at least a considerable part 
(Gildersleeve, Pindar, I. E., p. 91) of the field, and so long as 
a language retains a form in full function anywhere, the type 
is alive everywhere (A. J. P. 2. 92). 

As the participle, as the adjective—the participle at rest—, 
so the genitive attends its substantive as a skin. Each with 
its own degree of closeness of attachment, each with its own 
amount of movement, provides the sustaining medium for the 
substantive, which is often not in sight; each frame suggests 
the appropriate picture: οἱ ἀγαθοί, of λέγοντες, τὰ ὄντα, εἰς Αιδου 


14 ΑΝᾺ AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


(A. J. P. 18.120). This floating, suspensory element charac- 
terizes the case through the entire range of its use, of which 
elements the former seems more prominent in the participle, 
the latter in the adjective and the genitive. 

In the genitive’s struggle for independence arose, with the 
cooperation of the participle, the so-called genitive absolute, a 
union which throughout the Homeric poems retains tenaciously 
its original form. The emphasis upon the noun end of the 
combination is pronounced in the regular expression of the 
subject and in the universal employment of the genitive. The 
bone of the action has not yet had time to work through the 
flesh, and only comparatively late does it manage to do so in 
the evolution of the accusative absolute (A. J. P. 23. 24). 
Even when the inflected subject begins to fall away—a process 
which is faintly foreshadowed in Homer—the case of the 
original construction clings on, reluctantly makes place for the 
bare action as reflected in the accusative form (A. J. P. 6. 336). 

Attachment suggests detachment and in the single form the 
Greek has involved the potentiality of two case usages, leaving 
to the intelligence of the hearer the determination of the 
presence or absence of current or the direction of the current. 
The same principle is operative in the inference of the subject, 
e. g., Lys. I. 10: ἵνα τὸν τιτθὸν αὐτῷ διδῷ Kai μὴ βοᾷ, in the 
double possibility of direction in παρά with the accusative, 6. g., 
Thuc. 3. 93 beside Dem. 4. 11, and in other connections, nota- 
bly in the variety of coloring displayed in the participle 
(A. J. P. 23. 125 35. 233). For the double use of) the ease 
with ἔχεσθαι, compare 1]. 2. 97: xypuxes βοόωντες ἐρῆτυον, εἴποτ᾽ 
ἀυτῆς | σχοίατ᾽, ἀκούσειαν δὲ διοτρεφέων βασιλήων with Od. 5. 429: 
ἀμφοτέρῃσι δὲ χερσὶν ἐπεσσύμενος λάβε πέτρης, [ τῆς ἔχετο στενάχων, 
clus μέγα κῦμα παρῆλθεν and 9. 435: αὐτὰρ χερσὶν ἀώτου θεσπε- 
σίοιο | νωλεμέως στρεφθεὶς ἐχόμην τετληότι θυμῷς As οὐ, as μῆ 
(A. J. Ρ. 33. 448) reflects each its own world, each its own 
kind of world, so the lacking half (A. J. P. 27. 201) 15 fore- 
shadowed in ἐρήτυον, in χερσίν, and the mind is attuned for the 
more ready reception of the separative notion on the one hand, 
the reciprocal on the other. 

The genitive in its full scope is an open sea with ῥηχίη καὶ 
ἄμπωτις and at the turn the preposition, the gnomon of merged 
cases (A. J. P. 2. 92), tends to emerge. Thus, in the diversi- 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 15 


fied case-construction with verbs of hearing the employment 
of the preposition marks the alertness of the mind to the 
direction of the movement, whereas ordinarily the definite in- 
dication is lacking. Here, as elsewhere, the genitive-ablative 
is a flux, and out of the particular situation the special sense 
arises. Plat. Gorg. 470 C: ΠΩΛ. Ci μὲν οὖν, ὦ Coxpates, ἀπόκρι- 
vat ταὐτὸ τοῦτο. CQ. ἐγὼ μὲν τοίνυν φημὶ, ὦ Πῶλε, εἴ σοι παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ 
ἥδιόν ἐστιν ἀκούειν, Wherein the preposition stresses the recogni- 
tion of delegated authority. The more emphatic expression 
may be due to the contrast of sources of information. Dem. 
4. 3: ἔπειτα ἐνθυμητέον καὶ παρ᾽ ἄλλων ἀκούουσι καὶ τοῖς εἰδόσιν 
αὐτοῖς ἀναμιμνησκομένοις. Hdt. 5. 13: θωμάζων δὲ ὃ Δαρεῖος τά τε 
ἤκουσε ἐκ τῶν κατασκόπων καὶ τὰ αὐτὸς ὥρα ἄγειν αὐτὴν ἐκέλευε. [50ς. 
12. 5: ὑπ᾽ ἄλλων δέ τινων οὐχ οἷός εἰμι γιγνωσκόμενος ἀλλὰ τοιοῦτος 
ὑπολαμβανόμενος, οἷον ἂν παρ᾽ ἑτέρων ἀκούσωσιν: or to the impor- 
tance attached to the speaker as the source of authority. Od. 
19. 93: πάντα yap εὖ ἤδησθ᾽, ἐπεὶ ἐξ ἐμεῦ ἔκλυες αὐτῆς. Further, 
Dem. 19. 217: ἃ ὑμεῖς ἔστε καὶ οὐ παρ᾽ ἡμῶν ὑμᾶς ἀκοῦσαι δεῖ. 20. 52: 
ἃ παρ᾽ ὑμῶν τῶν πρεσβυτέρων αὐτὸς ἀκήκοα. 

A dominant note in the behavior of the genitive, be the 
characteristic logical or psychical (A. J. P. 31.74), appears to 
be the recognition of a sphere, external to the actor, invested 
with its own rights and powers, a sphere of personal or quasi- 
personal character, capable of receiving and, by natural con- 
sequence, of giving. It needs and is needed. Πατρικῆ seems 
a fairer and fuller definition than γενικῆ. 

The Question expresses the attitude of the 
questioner toward the outside world. This 
attitude varies, with different mood coloring, 
from absolute personal conviction and inde- 
pendence to entire dependence and submission. In like manner 
the posture of the actor in relation to his world as reflected in 
noun through case is shown by the nature of the cases. The 
case-regimen of the verbs of sense will serve for illustration. 
The Question divides itself into three groups: (1) Rhetorical; 
(2) Deliberative; (3) Genuine; according as the questioner is 
completely independent, in varying degree independent, or 
entirely dependent upon the matter of the question. Case 
usage separates the sense verbs into three groups: (1) Sight, 
accusative only; (2) Hearing, variation between accusative 


Case-usage 
reflected in 
the Question. 


16 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


and genitive; (3) Taste, Smell, Touch, genitive only (A. J. P. 

31. 75)- 

(1) a. Soph. El. 911: πῶς γάρ; com- (1) a’. Plat. Prot. 336 B: ἀλλ᾽ ὁρᾷς 
pare: What! 

No mood, no case; no coloring of decision, no dependence 

on externals. 

Ὁ. Il. 17. 260: τίς κεν yor φρεσὶν δ΄. Pind. O. 9. 165: ὁρῶντ᾽ ἀλκάν. 
οὐνόματ᾽ εἴποι; 

Aesch. Pr. 504: ris | φήσειεν ἂν πά- Hes. Sc. 426: δεινὸν ὁρῶν ὄσσοισι. 


ροιθεν ἐξευρεῖν ἐμοῦ ; 


Decision colored by mood and case of inner world. 
c. Thuc. 3. 45: πόλις τε ἀφιστα- ς΄. Xen. An, 1. 8. 26: τὸν ἄνδρα 
μένη τίς πω, . . τούτῳ ἐπε- ὁρῶ. 
χείρησε; 
Decision colored by mood and case of outer world. 
(2) a. Soph. O. C. 310: ὦ Zev. rl (2) a’. Od. 21. 237: ἣν dé ms ἢ 
λέξω; ποῖ φρενῶν ἔλθω, πάτερ; στοναχῆς ἠὲ κτύπου ἔνδον ἀκού- 
on | ἀνδρῶν ἡμετέροισιν ἐν ἕρ- 
κεσι. ΤΟ. 311: ἔνθα στὰς ἐβόη- 
σα, θεὰ δέ μευ ἔκλυεν αὐδῆς. 
Thue. 2. 21: δον χρησμοὺς παντοίους, 
ὧν ἀκροᾶσθαι ἕκαστος ὥργητο. 


In a the impulse from the outside that must be met appears 
in the mood of λέξω, ἔλθω: in a’ in ἀνδρῶν... ἕρκεσι, ἐβόησα, 
ἦδον eee παντοίους. 

Influences external to questioner and actor hold decision in 
abeyance. No fullgrasp of thesituation. The will of another 
operative. 


Ὁ. Il. 18. 188: πῶς τ᾽ ἄρ᾽ tw μετὰ b’. Dem. 24. 208: καὶ μὴν εἰ αὐτίκα 


μῶλον ; ἔχουσι δὲ τεύχεα κεῖνοι. δὴ μάλα κραυγὴν ἀκούσαιτε. 
Xen. Mem. 1. 2. 36: μηδ᾽ ἐάν τε Eur. El. 752: οὐκ olda πλὴν ἕν " φό- 
ὠνῶμαι, ἔφη, ἢν πωκῇ νεώτερος νιον οἰμωγὴν κλύω, 


τριάκοντα ἐτῶν, ἔρωμαι ὁπόσου 
πωλεῖ; 

As the personality of the questioner exerts itself against the 
opposing influence and tends to reach its own conclusion, so 
hearing, through affinity to its neighbor higher in the scale, 
condenses the surrounding mist into a drop. Hearing largely 
sees through a glass, darkly, but knows how to assert its 
rights, to remove the film (Aesch. Sept. 98-101). An analo- 
gous process may be the behavior of the peculiar Homeric 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 17 


subjunctive, with its negative ob (A. J. P. 31. 78). Hom. 
Hymn. 1. 1: μνῆσομαι οὐδὲ λάθωμαι ᾿Απόλλωνος ἑκάτοιο. Mood of 
will tempered by external fact (A. J. P. 23. 134). Compare 
ov wy. Similarly, in recomposition (προσαπο-, cvverava- ) the pre- 
fixes exercise their force in order from within outward, not 
reversely. 


(3) Ar. Nub. 239: ἦλθες δὲ κατὰ (3) Od. 17. 413: ἔμελλεν ᾽Οδυσσεὺς 


τί; ννςν προικὸς γεύσεσθαι᾽ Ἀχαιῶν. 

Plat. Prot. 312 Ὠ: εἰ δέ τις ἐκεῖνο ἩΗάϊ. 4. 147: ἐπεί τε ἐγεύσατο ἀρχῆς. 
ἔροιτο... τί ἂν ἀποκρινοίμεθα ἩἨἩάϊ. 1. 80: ὡς ὄσῴφραντο τάχιστα 
αὐτῷ; τῶν καμήλων. 


Ar. Lys. 619: ὀσφραίνομαι τῆς 1π- 
πίου τυραννίδος. 

Od. το. 473: ἁψαμένη δὲ γενείου. 

Plat. Phaed. τοῦ B: φόνων ἀδίκων 
ἡμμένην. 

Responsion to outside world, not of will, but of fact or 
fancy. Sight—the king sense—appropriates as by right. 
Hearing feels, if haply it may find—and does find. Taste, 
Smell, Touch remain satisfied with feeling. But out of the 
unorganized arises the organized: γεύσασθε καὶ ἴδετε. Note 
the order in Hdt. 1. 80: dcdparto . . . εἶδον. 

Participle is skin—of a live thing, of a dead thing—adher- 
ing, if loose. Even though but a film (A. J. P. 29. 270). it 
serves to float its freight. That which is conjured up, con- 
jured down, is dead; it has been swept into the current of the 
action, has lost its individuality. But the verb preserves its 
sentient contact through the floater. The leading note is the 
deadness of the dominated thing; the contact is incidental, 
secondary. ‘Ope σε is antecedent to ὁρῶ σε τρέχοντα. In the 
range from the necessary participle with actual perception 
through the occasional participle with intellectual perception to 
the favorite ὅτι with finite verb with intellectual perception 
may be traced, if roughly, the relation of sentiency to the 
world—outside, inside. Actual perception (A. J. P. 31. 79) 
requires a covering, a surface; intellectual perception has to 
do with the precipitate only, with that which is under the 
surface. But perception as it passes from the actual to the 
ideal does not always immediately emerge from the shadow of 
the actual into the full light of the ideal. The skin may hold 
on, the memory of the former association may be retained. 


18 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


Note the transition from the outer world to the inner as 
reflected in οὐ μη. Soph. Ph. 416-18. 

The participle is not the only skin; the genitive is another, 
perhaps a deeper layer than the participle. As verbs of per- 
ception take the participle, so may they take the genitive. 
Finite forms of γνῶναι and εἰδέναι with the genitive are found 
in Homer in the following passages: 


Il. 4. 357: ὡς γνῶ χωομένοιο᾽ 
12. 229: ὧδέ x’ ὑποκρίναιτο θεοπρόπος, ὃς σάφα θυμῷ 
εἰδείη τεράων καί οἱ πειθοίατο λαοί. 
15. 412: τέκτονος ἐν παλάμῃσι δαήμονος, ὅς ῥά τε πάσης 
εὖ εἰδῇ σοφίης ὑποθημοσύνῃσιν ᾿Αθῆήνης. 
Od. 21. 36: οὐδὲ τραπέζῃ | γνώτην ἀλλῆλων. 
23. 109: ἦ μάλα νῶι | γνωσόμεθ᾽ ἀλλήλων. 


The pressure of the outside world is recognized. There is 
preparation for what is yet tocome. The details of testing 
the identity of a friend, wise reserve in the presence of an 
angry man, scope for the skill of the artisan, of the seer—all 
these are reflected in the case. The genitive is another stream 
with which the stream of the action mingles. This is in 
marked contrast to the ordinary behavior of these verbs. As 
the construction of intellectual perception has dispensed with 
the participle that attends actual perception, so the case has 
lost its contact with externals, has been swept into the current 
of the verb. 

This Homeric group, which is numerously represented in 
the poems by the participle εἰδώς and is perhaps a survival 
from an earlier regular usage, throws light on the genitive 
side of the case-construction of verbs of hearing and other 
sense verbs. 

The composite character of hearing is indicated in various 
ways. Thus, the will element is shown in the or. obl. acc. 
with infin., 6. g, Xen. Cyr. 4. 5. 9: καὶ τὸ στρατόπεδον ἤκουε 
κενὸν εἶναι, and in such resolutions as that of Dem. 22. 13: 
ἴστε δήπου τοῦτο dkon. Again, association with verbs of sight is 
not uncommon, as in the familiar Homeric phrase, Od. 11. 109: 
ὃς πάντ᾽ ἐφορᾷ καὶ πάντ᾽ ἐπακούει. So, as a restatement of μαν- 
θάνειν, Eur. I. T. 1447: μαθὼν "δ᾽, ᾽Ορέστα, τὰς ἐμὰς ἐπιστολὰς, 


,ὔ Ν > ‘ / » ι - 
κλύεις γὰρ αὐδὴν καίπερ οὐ παρὼν θεᾶς. 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 19 


The intellectual side of ἀκούειν appears in the construction of 
a verb of intellectual perception. Plat. Theaet. 176 D: ἀγάλ- 
Aovrat yap τῷ ὀνείδει καὶ οἴονται ἀκούειν ὅτι od λῆροί εἰσι (Compare 
E: οὐχ ὁρῶντες ὅτι οὕτως ἔχει). English says: “I cannot see 
any good in him”; Greek says, Dem. 14. 33: διὰ yap τὸ μισεῖν 
αὐτοὺς οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἀληθὲς οὐδὲν ἡδέως ἀγαθὸν περὶ αὐτῶν ἀκούσαιτε. 

Homer shows four instances of αὐδὴν three of αὐδῆς with 
κλύειν. 1]. 13. 757: πάντες ἐπεσσεύοντ᾽, ἐπεὶ Ἕκτορος ἔκλυον αὐδήν, 
15. 270: ὡς Ἕκτωρ λαιψηρὰ πόδας καὶ γούνατ᾽ ἐνώμα | ὀτρύνων 
ἱππῆας, ἐπεὶ θεοῦ ἔκλυεν αὐδῆν. Od. 2. 297: ὡὥς dar’ ᾿Αθηναίη, 
κούρη Atds* οὐδ᾽ ap’ ἔτι δὴν | Τηλέμαχος παρέμιμνεν, ἐπεὶ θεοῦ ἔκλυεν 
αὐδῆν. 14. 89: οἵδε δὲ καί τι ἴσασι, θεοῦ δέ tw’ ἔκλυον αὐδὴν. The 
case registers total result; there is full comprehension of the 
leader’s, the god’s command. Compare Xen. Cyr. 4. 5. 8: καὶ 
τοὺς ἄλλους δὲ Μήδους ᾧετο παρεῖναι... ἀκούων θόρυβον πολύν, 
θόρυβον is the reproduction in content and form of Μήδους πα- 
peivat, Αὐδῆς occurs as follows: Od. 4. 831: εἰμὲν δὴ θεός ἐσσι, 
θεοῖό τε ἔκλυες αὐδῆς. 10. 311: ἔνθα στὰς ἐβόησα, θεὰ δέ μευ ἔκλυεν 
αὐδῆς. 481: αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ Κίρκης ἐπιβὰς περικαλλέος εὐνῆς | γούνων 
ἐλλιτάνευσα, θεὰ δέ μευ ἔκλυεν αὐδῆς. Compare Aesch. Cho. 464: 
ἀλλὰ κλύοντες, μάκαρες χθόνιοι, | τῆσδε κατευχῆς πέμπετ᾽ ἀρωγὴν 
and 487: καὶ τῆσδ᾽ ἄκουσον λοισθίου βοῆς, πάτερ, | ἰδὼν νεοσσοὺς 
τούσδ᾽ ἐφημένους τάφῳ. A term employed by the speaker may 
foreshadow the detailed contact. Isoc. 15. 216: ἤνπερ ἐθελήσητε 
διὰ τέλους ἀκοῦσαι τῶν λεγομένων. There is a clear note of reci- 
procality in every instance; a field of endeavor is presented. 
Xen. Cyr. 1. 4. 8: οἱ δὲ φύλακες προσελάσαντες ἐλοιδόρουν αὐτὸν καὶ 
ἔλεγον εἰς οἷον κίνδυνον ἔλθοι καὶ ἔφασαν κατερεῖν αὐτοῦ. ὁ οὖν Κῦρος 
εἱστήκει καταβεβηκὼς καὶ ἀκούων ταῦτα ἠνιᾶτο. ὡς δ᾽ ἤσθετο κραυγῆς, 
ἀνεπήηδησεν, he had an inner sense—through tavta—of past 
delinquency and its possible effect; his outer sense moved in 
the sphere of κραυγῆ. 

Demosthenes has κραυγῆν once κραυγῆς twice with ἀκούειν. 
24. 208: καὶ μὴν εἰ αὐτίκα δὴ μάλα κραυγὴν ἀκούσαιτε πρὸς τῷ δεσμω- 
τηρίῳ, εἶτ᾽ εἴποι τις ὡς ἀνέῳκται τὸ δεσμωτήριον, οἱ δὲ δεσμῶται φεύγουσιν, 
there is no preparation; κραυγὴν is a bolt out of the blue: ex- 
planations, details follow. 47. 56: ἀριστώντων δὲ ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ, ὡς 
ἐπεισπηδῶσιν οὗτοι καὶ καταλαμβάνουσιν αὐτὰς καὶ ἥρπαζον τὰ σκεύη, 
αἱ μὲν ἄλλαι θεράπαιναι (ἐν τῷ πύργῳ γὰρ ἦσαν, οὗπερ διαιτῶνται) ὡς 


ἤκουσαν κραυγῆς, κλείουσι τὸν πύργον. 60: οὐκ ἐπαύσαντο ἄγχοντες καὶ 


20 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


τύπτοντες τὴν γραῦν. ἀκούοντες δὲ οἱ θεράποντες τῶν γειτόνων τῆς 
κραυγῆς καὶ ὁρῶντες τὴν οἰκίαν πορθουμένην, a skin for κραυγῇ is 
provided by the context in which it is set: the attitude of 
expectancy is established, to which the case responds. Com- 
pare Eur. El. 747: φίλαι, βοῆς ἠκούσατ᾽, ἢ δοκὼ κενὴ | ὑπῆλθέ p’, 
ὥστε νερτέρα βροντὴ Διός: The covering disappears, the mist 
condenses in 752: οὐκ oida πλὴν ev" φόνιον οἰμωγὴν κλύω. Com- 
pare Ar. Plut. 670: ἡμῖν παρήγγειλ᾽ ἐγκαθεύδειν τοῦ θεοῦ | 6 πρό- 
πολος, εἰπὼν, ἤν τις αἴσθηται ψόφου, | σιγᾶν and contrast 688: τὸ 
γράδιον δ᾽ ὡς ἠσθάνετό μου τὸν ψόφον, | ἄρασ᾽ ὑφήρει" 1]. 22. 447--51. 
Note the setting. Od. 21. 237: εἰπεῖν τε γυναιξὶν | κληῖσαι μεγά- 
ροιο θύρας πυκινῶς ἀραρυίας, | ἢν δέ τις ἢ στοναχῆς ἠὲ κτύπου ἔνδον 
ἀκούσῃ | ἀνδρῶν ἡμετέροισιν ἐν ἕρκεσι, wnt θύραζε | προβλώσκειν, the 
speaker by his direction puts γυναῖκες on the alert and then 
creates the appropriate mental environment Hdt. ὃ. 65: καὶ 
πρόκατε φωνῆς ἀκούειν. I[soc. II. 3: ἀκούειν τῶν λεγομένων, details 
of νουθέτησις. Dem. 18. 323: otk... ἐγὼ... τῶν δὲ τῆς πόλεως 
ἀγαθῶν πεφρικὼς ἀκούω καὶ στένων καὶ κύπτων εἰς τὴν γῆν. 

The participle, capable of either forward or backward move- 
ment, with verbs of hearing either retards (compare the acc. 
absolute) or augments the action. On the one hand, percep- 
tion ends with itself, and the case is consonant with completed 
process: perception and perceived are one; on the other, two 
opposing streams raise a crest, create a presence, invite exami- 
nation of details, and the case of suspension is in place. The 
accusative, as the reflection of action, which is the essence of 
independence, is independent of all save action; it does not 
stop to give details. Dem. 18. 32: ἀλλ᾽ ἅμ᾽ ἀκούοιτε ταῦτα ἀπαγ- 
γελλόντων ἡμῶν κἀκεῖνος ἐντὸς εἴη Πυλῶν. 35: ἀκούσεσθε δυοῖν ἢ 
τριῶν ἡμερῶν, οἷς μὲν ἐχθρὸς ἥκει, φίλον αὐτὸν γεγενημένον, οἷς δὲ 
φίλος, τοὐναντίον ἐχθρόν. Contrast Soph. O. C. 1645: τοσαῦτα 
φωνήσαντος εἰσηκούσαμεν with Ph. 614: καὶ ταῦθ᾽ ὅπως ἤκουσ᾽ ὁ 
Λαέρτου τόκος | τὸν μάντιν εἰπόντ᾽. 

The presence of the thing heard and contact with the details 
of what the thing contains are notions inseparable. Here, 
perhaps, is the clue to the universal genitive of the person 
with verbs of hearing. Personality involves presence, and 
presence compels contact, attention to details. Personality is 
the worl . The note of character will turn the scale in favor 
of the genitive. Isoc. 12. 108: τοὺς μὲν οὖν ἄλλους οὐκ οἶμαι 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 21 


πράξεων ἑτέρων ἐπιθυμήῆσειν ἀκούειν ἀλλ᾽ ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων ἱκανῶς 
μεμαθηκέναι νομιεῖν, ὁποία τις τοῖν πολέοιν ἑκατέρα περὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας 
γέγονεν. Contrast Dem. 14. 14: οἶμαι δὴ δεῖν ἀκούσαντας ὑμᾶς 
αὐτὴν, ἂν ἀρέσκῃ, ψηφίσασθαι, in ἂν ἀρέσκῃ the speaker assumes 
the detail stage past, that contact with externals has produced 
conviction ; the lines of character have converged toa point. 

The tense of the participle no wise affects the matter of 
detail involved in the case, of contact with a Presence. From 
this point of view 1]. 10. 276: ἀλλὰ κλάγξαντος ἄκουσαν, Od. 4. 
505: μεγάλ᾽ ἔκλυεν αὐδήσαντος, and Dem. 8. 4: τεθαύμακα ὃ καὶ 
πρώην τινὸς ἤκουσα εἰπόντος ἐν τῇ βουλῇ stand immediately beside 
Plat. Rep. 549 D: ὅταν, ἢν δ᾽ ἐγὼ, πρῶτον μὲν τῆς μητρὸς ἀκούῃ 
ἀχθομένης and Legg. 839 B: ἀκούων τιθεμένου τοῦ νόμους The 
difference is in the breadth of the stroke. 

In the Orators when reference is made, either before or 
after the reading, to hearing the law read, the genitive is 
regularly used. Typical instances are Dem. 18. 121: dxoves, 
Αἰσχίνη, τοῦ νόμου λέγοντος cados—compare Plat. Crito 54 Ὁ, 
where the mind lingers in the mist of memory. Aeschin. 2. 
73: ὅτι δ᾽ ἀληθῆ λέγω, ἀκούσατε τοῦ ψηφίσματος καὶ ἀναμνήσθητε 
τοῦ πολέμου. Dem. 46. 14: ἀλλὰ μὴν αὐτῶν τῶν νόμων ἀκούσαντες 
γνώσεσθε ὡς οὐ κύριος ἦν διαθέσθαι, details before decision, data 
on which to base conclusion. 

The principle stated, that the genitive with a verb of hear- 
ing implies presence, contact between hearer and heard, may 
seem invalidated by such an example as Od. 4. 114, which is 
paralleled several times in Homer: ὡς φάτο, τῷ δ᾽ apa πατρὸς ὑφ᾽ 
ἵμερον ὦρσε γόοιο, ἰδάκρυ δ᾽ ἀπὸ βλεφάρων χαμάδις βάλε πατρὸς ἀκού- 
σας, where La Roche (Hom. Stud., p. 160) interprets by ‘de 
aliquo’. Πατήρ is written large in the preceding context and 
the imagination of Telemachos, highly wrought by the narra- 
tive, puts him in virtual touch. Similar, though with different 
arrangement of material, is Xen. Mem. 1. 2. 41: ὡς ἐγὼ ἀκούων 
τινῶν ἐπαινουμένων OTL νόμιμοι ἄνδρες εἰσὶν οἶμαι. Compare Soph. 
Ph. 426: οἴμοι, δύ᾽ αὖ τώδ᾽ ἐξέδειξας, οἷν ἐγὼ ἥκιστ᾽ ἂν ἠθέλησ᾽ ὀλω- 
λότοιν κλύειν. 

The case-usage of κρατεῖν illustrates well the distinction in 
force between the two cases. The genitive presents a,sphere 
of influence, a process of evolution which may reach its cul- 
mination at any point. Contingency of control along with 


2 


22 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


continuity of contact is indicated by the character of the words 
and by their setting. 

As the present participle makes a broad, the aorist a narrow 
stroke, while the perfect is the transition ground, the condition 
of balance between the broad and the narrow, such is the rela- 
tion of the genitive to the accusative. Control of externals 
passes from the state in which there is reciprocity between 
controller and controlled, through that in which the liberty of 
the controlled is sensibly abridged—the poise before the 
plunge—, to that which marks the absolute dominance of the 
controller. Action organizes, grows in intensity in its sup- 
porting element. Plat. Phileb. 11 E: μῶν οὐκ, ἂν μὲν ἡδονῇ μᾶλλον 
φαίνηται Evyyevys, ἡττώμεθα μὲν ἀμφότεροι τοῦ ταῦτα ἔχοντος βεβαίως 
βίου, κρατεῖ δὲ 6 τῆς ἡδονῆς τὸν τῆς φρονήσεως ; ἡδονῇ... ξυγγενὴς 
pictures the field of combat, on which rests the shadow of the 
coming event; ἡττώμεθα marks the stage of balance reached in 
the progress of the struggle; the result is inevitable: ἡδονή 
and φρόνησις cannot continue to dwell in the same house. 

Countries, cities, seas, and the like, controlled today surren- 
dered tomorrow, are regularly in the genitive. Isoc. 4. 92: 
τῆς παρόδους 102: πόλεων. 144: τῆς ἐντὸς Ἅλυος χώρας. IOT: 
Λυκίας. 6.26: τῆς ἠπείρου. 16.18: τῆς γῆς, τῆς θαλάττης. Thuc. 
I. 9: νῆσων. 100: τῶν Ἔννέα ὁδῶν. 108: τῆς τε χώρας. 4. 24: 
τοῦ πορθμοῦ. τοῦ: τῆς γεφύρας. 6. QO: τῶν ᾿Επιπολῶν. 7. 306: 
λιμένος. So in other connections, where the nature of the 
words implies possible change of hands. Thuc. 4. 14: ναυαγίων, 
8. 23: τῶν τε Χίων νεῶν. 71: ὅπλων τινῶν Kai νεκρῶν. Soph. Aj. 
1337: ὅπλων. The shadow of dispossession may appear in 
the context, Thuc. 1. 13. 6: twa χρόνον. Likewise of feelings 
and passions, now controlling now controlled. Isoc. 2. 29: τῶν 
ἐπιθυμιῶν. 12. 31: ἡδονῶν. So other qualities that imply a 
varying relationship to the action. Aeschin. 3. 4: τῆς δὲ τῶν 
ῥητόρων ἀκοσμίας οὐκέτι κρατεῖν δύνανται. Dem. 9. 5: νῦν δὲ τῆς 
μὲν ῥᾳθυμίας τῆς ὑμετέρας καὶ τῆς ἀμελείας κεκράτηκε Φίλιππος, τῆς 
πόλεως δ᾽ οὐ κεκράτηκεν. 

The context often supplements the notion of continuity, of 
contact, that lies in the case. Isoc. 4. 177: εἴτε τούτων κρατεῖν 
ov... ἐτυγχάνομεν ἔχοντες, Thuc. 2. 99: ἐκράτησαν δὲ καὶ τῶν 
ἄλλων ἐθνῶν οἱ Μακεδόνες οὗτοι ἃ καὶ νῦν ἔτι ἔχουσι. 


The sense of adaptation, of interdependence, of compromise 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 23 


is connoted. The enemy of today may be the friend of to- 
morrow. Isoc. 5. 53: οὐ yap ἔφθασαν τῶν ἐχθρῶν κρατήσαντες. 6. 
81: ὅτι ῥᾳδίως τῶν πολεμίων ἐπικρατήσομεν. 12. 187: τὰς νίκας τὰς 
κρατησάσας μὲν τῶν ἐναντίων, πρὸς οὺς δ᾽ οὐκ ἐχρῆν γεγενημένας, the 
memory of the rights, the individuality of the opponent lin- 
gers. Dem. 15. 31: δεῖ yap ὑμᾶς βουλευομένους κρατῆσαι τῶν τἀ- 
ναντία τῇ πόλει Tap’ ὑμῖν πράττειν προῃρημένων. Compare the geni- 
tive with verbs of grasping and the like, suggesting uncertainty 
of tenure, frequent from Homer on. 1]. 21. 416: τὸν δ᾽ dye 
χειρὸς ἑλοῦσα. Xen. An. 1. 6. 10. 

The accusative is most common in expressing the rush and 
shock of battle. There is no thought of parley, of adjustment, 
no consideration of the other side. Action has full sway, will 
is dominant. While in connection with the accusative the 
instrumentals πολέμῳ, μάχῃ are abundant (Dem. 18.146. Thuc. 
ΡΟΥΘ 111 2:°25.) 20:2: OI. 103. 7.11. Ar. Vesp. 530: 
λόγῳ. Isae. 11. 35: ψήφῳ. Dem. 8. 32: ὅπλοις), the presence 
of the instrumental when the genitive is used is very excep- 
tional. Pind. O. 7. 94: αὐτὰ δέ σφισιν ὥπασε τέχναν | πᾶσαν 
ἐπιχθονίων Τλαυκῶπις ἀριστοπόνοις χερσὶ κρατεῖν, a glimpse of the 
active side of κρατεῖν in its passive surroundings. Isoc. 4. 35: 
πολέμῳ κρατήσαντες τοὺς βαρβάρους, πολλὰς μὲν ἐφ᾽ ἑκατέρας τῆς 
ἠπείρου πόλεις ἔκτισαν, ἁπάσας δὲ τὰς νήσους κατῴκισαν. 65: ὑπὲρ δὲ 
τῶν παίδων... ᾿Αργείους καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους Πελοποννησίους μάχῃ κρα- 
τήσαντες. 5. 02: τοῦ τε στρατοπέδου τοῦ κρατήσαντος τὴν ἐκείνου 
δύναμιν, the work done; contrast: κρατήσαντες ἂν τῶν βασιλέως 
πραγμάτων, the fruits not enjoyed. 6. 21: πολέμῳ δὲ κρατῆσαντες 
τοὺς ἐν τοῖς τόποις τοῖς εἰρημένοις κατοικοῦντας τριχῇ διείλοντο τὰς 
βασιλείας, individuality submerged. 24: ταύτην τε γὰρ οἰκοῦμεν 
δόντων μὲν Ἡρακλειδῶν, ἀνελόντος δὲ τοῦ θεοῦ, πολέμῳ δὲ κρατῆσαντες 
τοὺς ἔχοντας, mere incident in the general action. Xen. An. 
7. 6. 32: viv ἄλλην εὔκλειαν προσειλῆφατε καὶ τοὺς ἐν τῇ Εὐρώπῃ 
Θρᾷκας, ἐφ᾽ οὕς ἐστρατεύσασθε, κρατῆσαντες, εὔκλεια is all that 
remains of the contact. Thuc. 8. 107: ἐπιπλεύσαντες καὶ μάχῃ 
κρατήσαντες τοὺς ἐν τῇ γῇ ἔλαβον τὰς vais, removal of obstacle. 
Isoc. 1. 52: μόλις γὰρ ἄν τις ἐκ ταύτης τῆς ἐπιμελείας τὰς τῆς φύ- 
σεως ἁμαρτίας ἐπικρατῆσειεν, μόλις, ἐπιμελείας mark the progress of 
the evolution, ἁμαρτίας its culmination. Dem. 22. 77: οὐδ᾽ 
οἱόσπερ σὺ χρώμενοι συμβούλοις ἐπολιτεύοντο, ἀλλὰ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς Kpa- 
τοῦντες, bare actions contrasted. Aeschin. 2. 30: καὶ τὴν ὑμετέ- 


24 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


ραν ἠδικημένων ὅμως φιλανθρωπίαν διεξήειν, λέγων, ὅτι κρατοῦντες TO 
πολέμῳ Περδίκκαν Καλλισθένους ἡγουμένου ἀνοχὰς πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐποιή- 
σασθε, ἀεί τινος προσδοκῶντες τῶν δικαίων τεύξεσθαι, your foot was 
on his neck, but you gave him another chance. 

The sparing use of the instrumental with κρατεῖν and the 
genitive, in contrast with its frequent employment in the accu- 
sative context, seems to reflect the same distinction of case 
force as does the infrequency of οὔασι, ὠσί with a verb of 
hearing, compared with the abundant use of ὀφθαλμοῖς with 
verbs of sight. ‘Opay is active and aggressive and its imple- 
ments are ever ready to appear; ἀκούειν and κρατεῖν show their 
fluctuating active and passive nature not only in their case 
construction, but as well in the way they handle their weapons. 
Homer uses the instrumental with hearing once (Il. 12. 442), 
with sight sixty times, and a like disparity is to be observed 
everywhere. The narrowing effect of the instrumental may 
be seen in its parallelism to a ὅτι clause. Isoc. 6. 81: τῶν 
“Ἑλλήνων διενηνόχαμεν οὐ τῷ μεγέθει τῆς πόλεως οὐδὲ τῷ πλήθει τῶν 
ἀνθρώπων, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι τὴν πολιτείαν ὁμοίαν κατεστησάμεθα στρατοπέδῳ 
καλῶς διοικουμένῳ. Compare the favorite construction with in- 
tellectual perception. Implement foreshadows effect and its 
display is the measure of conscious appropriation. Aesch. 
Supp. 244: καὶ πᾶσαν αἶαν, ἧς δί᾽ ἁγνὸς ἔρχεται | Οτρυμὼν, τὸ πρὸς 
δύνοντος ἡλίου κρατῶ, the voice of the king; aia has nosay. As, 
however, the constituent parts of the domain pass in review, 
the other side comes to its rights and the genitive finds place 
in 249. His claim established, the monarch can afford to be 
generous. Compare Soph. O. C. 1380. Δίκη controls. 

The genitive holds possibilities in suspension; the electric 
current of action coverts them into potentialities. 


V. ’Ava AND Kara tn COMPOSITION. 


Preposition, whether forming close compounds (parathesis ), 
or trailing loose (tmesis), or gathering, through a case form, 
noun into a complex with verb, belongs to the category of 
adverb, is a part of the apparatus employed to give direction 
to action, to temper will. 

The limitation thus imposed, whether in literal or meta- 
phorical connections, may have reference to the action’s ex- 
tension or to its restriction; i. e., the field may be already 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 25 


prepared, either in the color of the action or in its intensity, 
for the added notion, in which case the compound produces 
the effect of an augmentation of what previously existed: on 
the other hand, if the action be not in harmony, be indifferent, 
colorless, the prefix stamps its own character on the action, 
which then moves in the channel determined by its modifier. 
Thus, ἀρᾶσθαι by its intense virility invites the increase of its 
native quality by ἐξ, ἐπί, κατά, whereas these prefixes and many 
others turn such waifs as βαίνειν, βάλλειν whither they will. 

The compounds formed by ἀνά and κατά may be divided 
into three classes: (1) those with ἀνά beside which none with 
κατά from the same simple exist ; (2) those with κατά to which 
none with ἀνά correspond; (3) those compounded with both 
ἀνά and κατά. In classes (1) and (2) the simple action seems 
in general to involve a sense in close harmony with that of 
the prefix which unites with it, while class (3), which includes 
such colorless verbs as ἰέναι, βάλλειν, βαίνειν, as well as those 
which under a single form present varieties of color with 
which the prefixes can separately blend, affords a mediating 
ground for the two other classes. A like classification will be 
adopted in the treatment of the particles in connection with 
case. 

The classes must now be examined in some detail. 

Class (1). ᾿Ανά refers to conditions external to the actor, 
that arouse his attention, call for the exercise of his faculties, or 
indicate his subordination to outside influences. The sense of 
temporariness, instability, the passing show, is prominent. 

a. The notion of growth characterizes the simple action. 
βλαστάνειν, Hdt. 7. 156: ai δὲ παραυτίκα ἀνά τ’ ἔδραμον καὶ 
ἀνέβλαστον. θάλλειν, 1]. 1. 236: οὐδ᾽ ἀναθηλῆσει. φύειν, Hdt. 
5. 35: ἀποξυρῆσας τὴν κεφαλὴν ἔστιξε καὶ ἀνέμεινε ἀναφῦναι τὰς τρίχας, 
the spectator is connoted. 

b. Search and kindred notions. 

ἀθρεῖν, Plat. Cratyl. 399 C: ἐντεῦθεν δὲ δὴ μόνον τῶν θηρίων ὀρ- 
Gas ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἄνθρωπος ὠνομάσθη, ἀναθρῶν ἃ ὄπωπεν, retrospective. 
ἀρτεῖσθαι͵ Ἠάϊ. τ. θ0ο. γνωρίξειν, Plat. Polit. 258 Α-διφᾶν, 
Cratin. ’Apy. 2 (Μείη.) : οἷον σοφιστῶν σμῆνος ἀνεδιφῆσατε. ἐρ εὖ - 
νᾶν, Plat. Phaed 63 A. ἐρωτᾶν, Ar. Lys. 484: ἀλλ᾽ ἀνερώτα 
καὶ μὴ πείθου Kai πρόσφερε πάντας ἐλέγχους. The prefix is in fa- 
vorite use where a previous question has failed to bring light. 


26 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


Plat. Sophist. 247 BC: @EAI. τοῦτο οὐκέτι κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἀποκρίνονται 
πᾶν, ἀλλὰ τὴν μὲν ψυχὴν αὐτὴν δοκεῖν σφίσι σῶμά τι κεκτῆσθαι, φρόνη- 
σιν δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἕκαστον ὧν ἠρώτηκας, αἰσχύνονται... ΞΕ. πάλιν 
τοίνυν ἀνερωτῶμεν αὐτούς. This usage is particularly common in 
Plato, and the notion of a barrier to be removed may come in 
a single term, without notice, or may exist in the form of a 
shadow resting on the matter under investigation. Tim. 22 A: 
καὶ δὴ καὶ τὰ παλαιὰ ἀνερωτῶν. Phaed. 87 B: καὶ εἴ τις ἀπιστοῖ 
αὐτῷ, ἀνερωτῴη. Rep. 524 E: καὶ ἀναγκάζοιτ᾽ ἂν ἐν αὐτῷ ψυχὴ ἀπορεῖν 
καὶ ζητεῖν, κινοῦσα ἐν ἑαυτῇ τὴν ἔννοιαν, καὶ ἀνερωτᾶν. 581 C. Tim. 26 C. 
Min. 313 A. Il. 21. 508: τὴν δὲ προτὶ of | εἷλε πατὴρ Κρονίδης, καὶ 
ἀνείρετο ἡδὺ γελάσσας, influenced in his question by the picture 
before him. Recomposition of dvé-compounds with ἐπί is 
frequent. The effect is shown by 1]. 23. 586-91. “Ava and ἐπί 
refer to the same situation, ἀνά to the external phases, ἐπί to 
the individual impulse. The order is significant: view of 
situation first, then dealing with it. ’Exi-compounds are not 
recompounded with dvd. ᾿Ἐπί marks persistency of questioner. 
Plat. Cratyl. 413 A, and often. εὑρίσκειν, Plat. Legg. 693 A: iva 
τὰς αἰτίας αὐτῶν ἀναζητοῦντες ἀνευρίσκωμεν τί παρὰ ταῦτα ἔδει πράττειν 
ἄλλο. Phaedr. 252 E. ζητεῖν, Dem. 58. 28: ἀναζητῆσας τοῦς δράσαν- 
τας. ἱστορεῖν, Aesch. Pr. 962: πεύσει γὰρ οὐδὲν ὧν ἀνιστορεῖς ἐμέ. 
ἐχνεύειν, Il. 22. 192. μυμνησκεῦν, Soph. O.T. 1133. Hdt. 2. 
151. Plat. Meno 81 C. πυνθάνεσθαι, Hdt. 5. 57: os ἐγὼ ava- 
πυνθανόμενος εὑρίσκω. πυστός, Od. 11. 274. 

c. Sound. The particle refers to a context that contains 
the exciting cause or that makes the hearer, spectator, promi- 
nent. ἀλαλάξειν, Eur. Phoen. 1395: στρατὸς δ᾽ ἀνηλάλαξε 
Aavaidév ἅπας. Bop Bopilecv, Ar. Eccl. 433. βραχεῖν, 1]. το. 
13. βρυάζειν, Ar. Eq. 602. βρυχᾶσθαι, Plat. Phaed. 117 Ὁ: 
καὶ δὴ καὶ τότε dvaBpvynodpevos κλαίων καὶ ἀγανακτῶν οὐδένα ὅντινα 
οὐ κατέκλασε. γρύξειν, Ar. Nub. 945. εὐφημεῖν, Soph. Tr. 
783: ἅπας δ᾽ ἀνηυφήμησεν οἰμωγῇ λεὼς, | τοῦ μὲν νοσοῦντος, τοῦ δὲ 
διαπεπραγμένου. καγχάξειν, Plat. Rep. 337 A: καὶ ὃς ἀκούσας ἀνε- 
κάγχασε. κλάζξειν, Xen. Cyr. 1. 4. 15: ὥσπερ σκύλακι γενναίῳ 
dvaxAdlovrt, ὁπότε πλησιάζοι θηρίῳ. κροτεῖν, Ar. Eq. 651: οἱ δ᾽ 
ἀνεκρότησαν καὶ πρὸς ἔμ᾽ ἐκεχῆνεσαν. (κύμβαλον), Il. 16. 370: 
δίφροι δ᾽ ἀνεκυμβαλίαζον. κω κύειν, Soph. Ant. 1227: 6 δ᾽ ὡς ὁρᾷ 
σφε... [ χωρεῖ πρὸς αὐτὸν κἀνακωκύσας καλεῖ. ὀρθιάξειν, Αηάος. 


I. 20; ταῦτα Τὰ δεινὰ καὶ φρικώδη ἀνωρθίαζον. ὁτοτ vfecv, Aesch. 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 27 


Ag. 1027: τί ταῦτ᾽ ἀνωτότυξας ἀμφὶ Λοξίου; por BSdeiv, Od. 12. 
105. ὑμνεῖν, Eur. El. 1100. 

d. Spectator connoted. (ἄνθος, Curt. Grundz, S. 250), 
Od. 17. 270: ἐπεὶ xvion μὲν ἀνήνοθεν. 1]. 11. 266. βακχεύειν, Eur. 
Bacch. 864: θήσω ποτὲ λευκὸν [πόδ᾽ ἀναβακχεύουσα. βράττειν, 
Ar. Pax. 1197: ἀναβράττω κίχλας. γεύειν, Ar. Nub. 523. 
δαίειν, Aesch. Ag. 292: πέμπουσι δ᾽ ἀνδαίοντες ἀφθόνῳ μένει" 
φλογὸς μέγαν πώγωνα. δέρειν, Pind. Fr.217 (Boeckh). εἴρειν, 
Ar. Ach. 1006: τοὺς στεφάνους ἀνείρετε. ἐρεθίζειν, Xen. An. 
6. 6. Q: ὑπὸ τοῦ Δεξίππου τε ἀνερεθιζόμενος . . . ὅτι ἐφοβήθη. Thuc. 
ΠΥ 5 ἐρυθρίαν Plat. Charm. 158 C. idtecv, Plat. Tim. 
74C. κεραννύναι, Od. 3. 390: τοῖς δ᾽ ὁ γέρων ἐλθοῦσιν ἀνὰ 
κρητῆρα κέρασσεν | οἴνου ἡδυπότοιο. Ar. Ran. 511. κηκίειν, Il. 7. 
262: μέλαν δ᾽ ἀνεκήκιεν αἷμα. 13. 705. κνάπτειν, Lysipp. Baxy. 
5 (Mein.): οὐδ᾽ ἀνακνάψας καὶ θειώσας τὰς ἀλλοτρίας ἐπινοίας. 
κοινοῦν, Plat. Cratyl. 383 A: βούλει οὖν καὶ (ωκράτει τῷδε 
ἀνακοινώσωμεν τὸν λόγον; (κόλπος), Ar. Thesm. 1174: πρῶτον 
μὲν οὖν δίελθε κἀνακόλπασον. λείχειν, Hdt. 1. 74. μαιμᾶν, Il. 
20. 400: ὡς δ᾽ ἀναμαιμάει Bade’ ἄγκεα θεσπιδαὲς πῦρ. μορμύρειν, 
Od. 12. 238: πᾶσ᾽ ἀναμορμύρεσκε κυκωμένη. ξύειν, Antiphon 5. 
45. οἰδεῖν, Hdt. 7. 30: ὑπεναντία δὲ τούτοισι ἀκούσας ἀνοιδέει. 
(ὀρταλίς), Ar. Eq. 1344: τούτοις ὁπότε χρῆσαιτό τις προοιμίοις.) 
ἀνωρτάλιζες κἀκερουτίας. πείθειν, Xen. Cyr. I. 5. 3. πείρειν, 
iit Aee Ar Ach: 1007. πεμπαάξειν, Plat. Lys. 222 Εἰ: τὰ 
εἰρημένα ἅπαντα ἀναπεμπάσασθαι. πολεῖν, Soph. Ph. 1238. 7p7- 
θειν, Il. 9. 433. πτύσσειν, Soph. El. 639: οὐδὲ πᾶν ἀναπτύξαι 
πρέπει | πρὸς φῶς. (σκόλοψ), Hdt. 1. 128: τούτους ἀνεσκολόπισε. 
στα ροῦν, Hdt. 3. 125. τέλλευν, Il. 5. 777: τοῖσιν δ᾽ ἀμβρο- 
σίην Cipoes ἀνέτειλε νέμεσθαι. Compare Soph. O. C. 1246. 
τιμᾶν, Hdt. 9. 33: μαθὼν τοῦτο ἀνετίμα. τινάσσειν, Eur. 
Bacch. 80: ἀνὰ θύρσον τε τινάσσων. τριαινοῦν, Amphis Διθυρ. 
1.8 (Mein.): ἀνατριαινώσει κρότοις. φλύειν, Il. 21. 361: ἀνὰ δ᾽ 
ἔφλυε καλὰ ῥέεθρα. φύρειν, Hdt. 3. 157: ὁρέοντες avdpa.. . αἵματι 
ἀναπεφυρμένον. χάσκειν, Ar. Av. 503: ἐκαλινδούμην ἰκτῖνον ἰδὼν " 
κἀθ᾽ ὕπτιος dv ἀναχάσκων | ὀβολὸν κατεβρόχθισα. (χνόος), Ar. 
Ach. 791: αἴκα παχυνθῇ δ᾽ ἀναχνοανθῇ θ᾽ ὕστριχι, | κάλλιστος ἔσται 
χοῖρος ᾿Αφροδίτᾳ θύεν. χορεύειν, Ar. Thesm. 994. 

6. Reference to previous condition. 

βιώσκεσθαι͵ Plat. Phaed. 89 B: ἐάνπερ ye ἡμῖν ὃ λόγος Te- 
λευτῆσῃ καὶ μὴ δυνώμεθα αὐτὸν ἀναβιώσασθαι. διπλοῦν, Xen. Cyr. 


28 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


7.5.5. ἐγείρειν, 1]. 10.138: ἐξ ὕπνου ἀνέγειρε. ἔρασθαι, Xen. 
Men. 3. 5. 7: πάλιν ἀνερασθῆναι τῆς ἀρχαίας ἀρετῆς. ζωπυρεῖν, 
Eur. El. 1121: ὁρᾷς, av’ αὖ σὺ ζωπυρεῖς νείκη νέα. Xen. Hell. 
5. 4. 46. ἡβαν, Plat. Legg. 666 B. toovv, Xen. Cyr. 7. 5. 65: 
6 σίδηρος ἀνισοῖ τοὺς ἀσθενεῖς τοῖς ἰσχυροῖς. vea€erv, Ar. Ran. 
593. νεοῦν, Thuc. 7. 33: ἀνανεωσάμενοί τινα παλαιὰν φιλίαν. 
οἴγειν, Il. 24. 228. ὀρνύναι, Pind. N. 9. 16: ἀνὰ δ᾽ αὐλὸν én’ 
αὐτὰν ὄρσομεν. πληροῦν, Plat. Symp. 188 E: ἀλλ᾽ εἴ τι ἐξέλιπον, 
σὸν ἔργον, ὦ ᾿Αριστόφανες͵ ἀναπληρῶσαι. ῥωννύναι, Thue. 7. 46: ὡς 
ἐπὶ ἀπροσδοκήτῳ εὐπραγίᾳ πάλιν αὖ ἀναρρωσθέντες. σοβεῖν, Plat. 
Lys. 200A. σώξειν, Soph. Ο. T. 1351: ἀπό τε φόνου | ἔρυτο 
κἀνέσωσεν. ταράττειν, Plat. Phaed. 88 C: σφόδρα πεπεισμένους 
ἡμᾶς πάλιν ἐδόκουν ἀναταράξαι. τειχίζειν, Xen. Hell. 4. 4. 18. 
τρέφειν, Xen. Cyr. 5. 2. 34: ἀναθρέψαι τὸ φρόνημα. ὑφαίνειν, 
Plat. Phaed. 87 E. (χαίτη), Dem. 2. 9: ὅταν δ᾽ ἐκ πλεονεξίας 
καὶ πονηρίας τις... ἰσχύσῃ, ἣ πρώτη πρόφασις... ἀνεχαίτισε. 

f. Sense of difficulty confronting actor. 

ἀείρειν, 1]. 23.724: 7 μ᾽ ἀνάειρ᾽, ἢ ἐγὼ σέ. ἀρριχᾶσθαι, 
Ar. Pax 70. ἔρρειν, Eupol. Πολ. 27 a (Mein.) : ὡς μόλις ἀνῆρ- 
ρησ᾽ - οὐδέν ἐσμεν οἱ σαπροί. καθαίρειν, Plat. Legg. 678 10. 
κινδυνεύειν, Hdt. 8. 68: τί δὲ πάντως δεῖ σε ναυμαχίῃσι ἀνακιν- 
δυνεύειν ; κινεῖν, Plat. Legg. 789 C. κουφίξζειν, Eur. Or. 218: 
βούλει θίγω cov κἀνακουφίσω δέμας; κυκλεῖν, Eur. Or. 231: 


ἀνακύκλει δέμας - | δυσάρεστον οἱ νοσοῦντες ἀπορίας ὕπο. μάττειν, 
Od. 19. 92. μάχεσθαι, Plat. Phaed. 89 C. μοχλεύειν, Eur. 
Med. 1317: τί τάσδε κινεῖς κἀναμοχλεύεις πύλας |. . 3 TH POS, 


Plat. Rep. 535 Di στομοῦν, Xen. (Cyr. 7.5: 25. TA eae 
14. 47: ὁππόσα knoe’ ἀνέτλης. xd Feo bar, Od. 7. 280: ἀναχασσά- 
μενος νῆχον πάλιν. χωρεῖν, Plat. Phaed. 83 A. 

g. Reference to obstruction suggests its removal. Reversal. 

βλέπειν, Hdt. 2. 111: τῆς δὲ νιψάμενος τῷ οὔρῳ ἀνέβλεψε. 
διδάσκειν, Plat. Hipp. Ma. 301 E: οὕτως εὐηθικῶδ εἴχομεν - νῦν 
δὲ παρὰ σοῦ ἤδη ἀνεδιδάχθημεν. θαρρεῖν, Thuc. 6.63. θαρρύνειν, 
Xen. Cyr. 5. 4. 23. (xoyxvArov), Ar. Vesp. 589: τῆς 8 ém- 
κλήρου τὴν διαθήκην ἀδικεῖς ἀνακογχυλιάζων. παιδεύειν, Ar. Eq. 
1099. ποδίξειν, Hdt. 2. 116: καὶ οὐδαμῇ ἄλλῃ ἀνεπόδισε ἑωυτόν. 
σεν, Plat. Ax. 364 D. 

Class (2). Kara suggests in general the actor’s indepen- 
dence of external conditions. The sense of either actual or 
prospective attainment of purpose is commonly present. 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 29 


a. Control of space. 

ἀγοράζειν, Dem. 34. 7: δέον δ᾽ αὐτὸν καταγοράσαι φορτία 
᾿Αθήνηθεν. ἀλοκίζειν, Eur. Supp. 826: κατὰ μὲν ὄνυξιν ἠλοκί- 
opel’. ἀροῦν. αὐλίξεσθαι, Eur. Rhes. 518: νῦν μὲν καταυλί- 
σθητε - καὶ γὰρ εὐφρόνη. δεύειν. εἰλυσπᾶσθαι. ἱκνεῖσθαι. 
κολπίζξειν. ναίειν, Eur. Phoen. 207: ἵν᾽ ὑπὸ δειράσι νιφοβόλοις] 
Παρνασοῦ κατενάσθην. οἰκεῖν. ὁρμίζειν. σκεδαννύναι, Lys. 
10. 23: ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ οὗτος 6 λόγος ἐν τῇ πόλει κατεσκέδασται. σκηνᾶν, 
Xen. An. 3. 4. 32. σπείρειν, Plat. Tim. ο1 . στρατοπεδεύ - 
ecv, Xen. An. 3. 4. 18. ψῆν. 

b. Attendant of physical power. 

αἰωρεῖν. ἀμᾶν, Soph. Ant. όοΙ. ἀστράπτειν, Soph. Tr. 
437: Tov Kat’ ἄκρον Oiraiov νάπος | Διὸς καταστράπτοντος. δρέπειν. 
εἴβειν. ἐρητύειν. ἐρύκειν, Il. 6. 518. ἱππάξεσθαι. κο- 
λυμβᾶν, Thue. 7. 25: κατακολυμβῶντες ἐξέπριον. κρημνίξζειν. 
νάττειν, Hdt. 7. 36. παλαίειν. πατεῖν. ῥέπειν, Soph. Ant. 
1158: τύχη yap ὀρθοῖ καὶ τύχη καταρρέπει. σκῆπτειν. σπένδειν. 
στείβειν. ὑπερακοντίζειν. χεῖν. ψεκάξειν, Aesch. Ag. 
530: δρόσοι κατεψέκαζον. 

c. Exercise of functions of the body. 

βιβρώσκειν, Hdt. 3. 16: ἵνα μὴ κείμενος ὑπὸ εὐλέων καταβρωθῇ. 
βροχθίζειν. δακρύειν. ἕζξεσθαι. ἐσθίειν. ἧσθαι. οὐ- 
ρεῖν. πίνειν. πτήσσειν. πτώσσειν. ῥοφεῖν. σιτεῖσθαι, 
Hdt. 1. 216: τὸν δὲ νούσῳ τελευτήσαντα οὐ κατασιτέονται. τιλᾶν. 
τρώγειν. χέζειν. 

d. Sense of covering, with implication of control] of that 
which is covered. 

αἱματοῦν. αἱμάττειν. ἀμπέχειν. ἀμφικαλύπτειν. 
ἀντλεῖν. ἀργυροῦν. ἄρδειν. βρέχειν. βυρσοῦν. εἰλύ- 
ειν. ἑννύναι. ἐρέφειν. θάπτειν. θωρακίζειν. κηροῦν. 
κλύζειν. κρύπτειν. μελιτοῦν. νίφειν. νοτίζειν, Eur, 
I. T. 832: κατὰ δὲ γόος ἅμα χαρᾷ | τὸ σὸν νοτίζει βλέφαρον. ὁπ λί- 
ζειν. πιττοῦν. πλύνειν. ποικίλλειν. TovTilerv. πον- 
τοῦν. ῥυπαίνειν. σκιάζξειν, Hes. Th. 716: κατὰ δ᾽ ἐσκίασαν 
βελέεσι | Τιτῆνας. σκιᾶν. στεγάζξειν. στορεννύναι. χαλ- 
κοῦν. χρυσοῦν. 

6. Control of one’s own or another’s action. Responsible 
agent. 

ἄδειν. ἀθυμεῖν. αἰσθάνεσθαι. αἰτιᾶσθαι. ἀκούειν. 


ἀκροᾶσθαι. ἀλαζονεύεσθαι, Isoc. 15. 5: καταλαζονευομένου 


30 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


περί τε Tov πλούτου καὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν μαθητῶν. ἀλλάττειν. 
ἀμελεῖν. ἀναγκάζειν. ἀξιοῦν (ἄξιος). ἀράσσειν. ἀρ- 
γεῖν. ἀρκεῖν, Hdt. 1. 32: χώρη οὐδεμία καταρκέει πάντα ἑωυτῇ 
παρέχουσα. ἀρνεῖσθαι. ἀρχειν. αὐλεῖν. δαπανᾶν. δείδειν. 
δειλιᾶν. δεῖν (-dens ). διαιτᾶν. διώκειν. δυναστεύειν. 
δωροδοκεῖν, Ar. Vesp. 1036: οὔ φησιν δείσας καταδωροδοκῆσαι. 
ἐγγυᾶν. εἰδέναι. ἐλέγχειν. ἐπαγγέλλεσθαι. ἐπάγειν. 
ἐπᾷάδειν. ἐπείγειν. εὐθύνειν. εὐνᾶν. ζῆν, Plat. Symp. 
192 B: ἀλλ᾽ ἐξαρκεῖ αὐτοῖς per’ ἀλλήλων καταζῆν ἀγάμοις. ἠπιᾶν. 
θέλγειν. ἰσχύειν. κελεύειν. κερδαίνειν. κηλεῖν. κλεί- 
ειν. κοινωνεῖν. κρατεῖν. κρώξειν, evi Eq. 1020: πολλοὶ 
γὰρ μίσει ode κατακρώζουσι κολοιοί. κυροῦν. κωλύειν. λείπειν, 
Il. 14. 89: οὕτω δὴ μέμονας Τρώων πόλιν εὐρυάγυιαν | καλλείψειν... 5 24. 
725: ἄνερ, am’ αἰῶνος νέος ὦλεο, κὰδ δέ με χήρην | λείπεις ἐν μεγάροισι, 
destiny. [586. 3. 75: τὸν δὲ κληρονόμον κατέλιπε τῶν ἑαυτοῦ, Tegu- 
larly employed of the management of a trust, the devising of 
property. Xen. Hell. 7. 5. 18: εἰ δὲ καταλείψοι ἐρήμους ois 
ἦλθε σύμμαχος. Anyetv. λωφᾶν. μαλακίζειν. μάρπτειν. 
μαρτυρεῖν. μελετᾶν. μέμφεσθαι. μερίξειν. μηνύειν. 
ναυμαχεῖν. νοεῖν, Plat. Gorg. 455 Β: ἐγὼ μὲν γάρ τοι οὐδ᾽ 
αὐτός πω δύναμαι κατανοῆσαι ὅ τι λέγω. ξενοῦν. ὀκνεῖν. ὄλιγω - 
ρεῖν. ὄνεσθαι. ὁπάξειν. ὁπτεύειν. ὁρᾶν, Xen. Cyr. 3. 2. 
10: καθεώρων τε τῶν Χαλδαίων τὰς οἰκήσεις καὶ σθάνοντο φεύγοντας. 
Plat. Legg. 905 Β: ὡς ἐν κατόπτροις αὐτῶν ταῖς πράξεσιν ἡγήσω 
καθεωρακέναι τὴν πάντων ἀμέλειαν θεῶν, frequent of philosophic 
vision. ὀρρωδεῖν. οὐρίζξειν. πεδᾶν. πολεμεῖν. πολιτεύ- 
εσθαι. πραὖνειν. σιγᾶν, Plat. Phaed. 107 A: ἀλλ᾽ εἰ δῇ τι 
Οἰμμίας ὅδε ἤ τις ἄλλος ἔχει λέγειν, εὖ ἔχει μὴ κατασιγῆσαι.σιωπᾶν. 
σκώπτειν. σπέρχειν. σπεύδειν. στασιάζειν. σχολά- 
ζειν, Soph. Ph. 127: ἐάν μοι τοῦ χρόνου δοκῆτέ τι | κατασχολάζειν. 
ὑφιέναι. φαρμάττειν. φοιτᾶν. φωρᾶν. χαρίζεσθαι, 
Lys. 27. 14: ἔτι δὲ ῥᾷον ἄλλους τινὰς τὰ ὑμέτερα καταχαρίζεσθαι ἢ 
ὑμᾶς αὐτούς γε. χειροτονεῖν. χηρεύειν, Dem. 29. 26: δι᾽ ods 
κατεχῆρευσε τὸν βίον. ψεύδεσθαι. ψευδομαρτυρεῖν. 

f. Exercise of power constructively. 

ayti€erv. ἁγνίζξειν. ἀνύειν. ἁρμόζειν. ἀρτίξζξειν. ap- 
τύειν. ἐργάξεσθαι. ζωννύναι, Eur. Bacch. 698: καὶ κατα- 
στίκτους δορὰς | ὄφεσι κατεζώσαντο. θύειν. ἱδρύειν. ἱεροῦν. 
κοσμεῖν. νομοθετεῖν. ὀνινάναι. ὁσιοῦν. πλουτίξειν. 


ῥάπτειν. ῥέζειν. ῥιξζοῦν. ῥινᾶν, Ar. Ran. 902: προσδοκᾶν 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 31 


οὖν εἰκός ἐστι | τὸν μὲν ἀστεῖόν τι λέξειν | καὶ κατερρινημένον. σημαί- 
νειν, στηρίζειν. σφραγίζξειν. σχηματίζειν. τάττειν. 

g. Exercise of power destructively, autocratically. 

ἀγνύναι. adfaiverv, αἰθαλοῦν. αἰκίξειν. αἰσχύνειν, 
Od. τ6.293: μῆ πως... |. . καταισχύνητέ τε δαῖτα. ἀλεῖν. ἀλοᾶν. 
ἀμβλύνειν. ἀνθρακοῦσθαι. βιάξειν. βλακεύειν. βλά- 
πτειν.γοητεύειν. γυιοῦν. δάκνειν. δαμάζειν. δάπτειν. 
(8ypoBopos), Il. 18. 301: συλλέξας λαοῖσι δότω καταδημοβο- 
ρῆσαι. δουλοῦν. δρύπτειν. ἐναίρείν. évapilerv. ἐρεί- 
κειν. θραύειν. ἰσχναίνειν. κάρφειν, Aesch. Ag. 80: φυλ- 
λάδος ἤδη | κατακαρφομένης. κεντεῖν. κερματίξειν. κνὴν.κνί- 
ζειν. κονδυλίζξειν. κρεουργεῖν. κτείνειν. λεπτύνειν. 
λεύειν. λιθοῦν. λυμαίνεσθαι, Xen. Oec. 2. 13: ἴσως ἂν 
καταλυμηναίμην ἄν σου τὸν οἶκον. μεθύσκειν. μιαίνειν. μυτ- 
τωτεύειν. οἰνοῦν. ὀλλύναι. πέρδεσθαι. πετροῦν. TE- 
φνεῖν. πληττειν. πορνεύειν, Hdt. 1.94: τὰ θήλεα τέκνα κατα- 
πορνεύουσι. πρίειν. πύθειν. πυρπολεῖν. ῥακοῦν. σβεννύ- 
ναι. σῆπειν. σκάπτειν. σκελετεύειν. σκέλλειν. σμύ- 
χειν, 1]. 9. 653: κατά τε σμῦξαι πυρὶ νῆας. σποδεῖν. σφάζειν. 
σώχειν. τιτρώσκειν. τοξεύειν. τραυματίζειν. τρύ- 
χειν. ὑβρίξειν, Soph. El. 522: ἐξεῖπας ὡς θρασεῖα καὶ πέρα 
δίκης | ἄρχω, καθυβρίζουσα καὶ σὲ καὶ τὰ σά. φθείρειν. φονεύειν. 
χορδεύειν. ψήχειν. 

h. Control of speech. 

αἰνεῖν, Soph. OK τς: 1633: καὶ καταίνεσον | μῆποτε προδώσειν 
τάσδ᾽ ἑκὼν. αὐδᾶν. γλωττίζειν. λαλεῖν. φημίζειν, Pind. 
O. 6. 92: τὸ καὶ κατεφάμιξεν καλεῖσθαί νιν χρόνῳ σύμπαντι μάτηρ] 
τοῦτ᾽ ὄνυμ᾽ ἀθάνατον. 

i. Emphasis on forces operative in nature. 

aiyi€erv, Aesch. Theb. 63: πρὶν καταιγίσαι πνοὰς | ἴΑρεως. 
γηράσκειν. δαρθάνειν. eixa€erv, Soph. O. C. 338: τοῖς ἐν 
Αἰγύπτῳ νόμοις | φύσιν κατεικασθέντε. εὕδειν. θνήσκειν. KOL- 
μᾶν. κοιμίζξειν.ληθεσθαι. οἴχεσθαι. ὑπνοῦν. φθίνειν. 
φυλλοροεῖν, Pind. O. 12. 21: ἀκλεὴς τιμὰ κατεφυλλορόησε ποδῶν. 

j. Action based on personal conviction. 

δοκεῖν, Hdt. 8. 69: ὅμως δὲ τοῖσι πλέοσι πείθεσθαι ἐκέλευε, τάδε 
καταδόξας. ὀμνύναι, Ατ. Αν. 444: κατόμοσόν νυν ταῦτά μοι. 

k. Intensity of personal feeling. Reflecting actor’s attitude. 

αἰδεῖσθαι, Hdt. 3.72: τὰ μέν κου καταιδεόμενος ἡμέας, τὰ δέ 


κου καὶ δειμαίνων. ἀλγεῖν. ἀρᾶσθαι, Dem. 23. 97: διόπερ κατα- 


32 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


pata. καθ᾽’ ἑκάστην ἐκκλησίαν 6 κῆρυξ. ἀσθμαίνειν. αὐχεῖν. 
βακχιοῦσθαι. δακρύειν, Xen. Cyr. 5. 4. 31: καὶ ἅμα ταῦτα 
λέγων κατεδάκρυσε τὴν ἑαυτοῦ τύχην. ἐλεεῖν. θρηνεῖν, Eur. ΕἸ. 
1326: θανόντος δ᾽ | ὡς ἐπὶ τύμβῳ καταθρήνησον. -θύμιος. ixe- 
τεύειν. κερτομεῖν. μαργᾶν. οἰκτείρειν, Soph. O. T. 13: 
δυσάλγητος γὰρ ἂν | εἴην τοιάνδε μὴ οὐ κατοικτείρων ἕδραν. Xen. Cyr. 
7. 3. 12. οἰκτίξειν. σπουδάξειν. στυγεῖν. τύπτεσθαι. 
φιλεῖν, Xen. Mem. 2. 6. 33: ὡς τοὺς μὲν καλοὺς φιλήσοντός μου, 
τοὺς δ᾽ ἀγαθοὺς καταφιλήσοντος. χαίρειν. 

ἰ. Excessive action based on power. 

εὐωχεῖσθαι. Cevyotpodeirv, Isae. 5. 43: οὔτε xarelevyo- 
τρόφηκας. ἡδυπαθεῖν. ἱπποτροφεῖν. κυβεύειν. κωμάζειν. 
λειτουργεῖν. λεπτολογεῖν. λούεσθαι. μισθοφορεῖν. 
ὀψοποιεῖν. παιδεραστεῖν. πιαίνειν, Plat. Legg. 807 Β: 
προσήκει δὲ ἀργῷ καὶ ῥᾳθύμως καταπεπιασμένῳ ζῴῳ σχεδὸν ὑπ᾽ ἄλλου 
διαρπασθῆναι ζῴου. (προίξ}), Ar. Vesp. 1366: οὔ τοι καταπροίξει 

. τοῦτο δρῶν. ῥᾳθυμεῖν. χορηγεῖν. χρῆσθαι. χωνεύειν, 
Dem. 22. 76: ἃς, ὅταν σοι δοκῇ, σὺ πάλιν γράψεις καταχωνεύειν. 

The treatment of the matter of the foregoing two classes 
might, no doubt, be greatly improved. It is realized, f. i, 
that individual words might with equal, if not greater, pro- 
priety have been referred to other heads than those under 
which they are placed, and that the definitions of the content 
of the subdivisions are capable of betterment; it is hoped, 
however, that the lines drawn present a fairly clear picture of 
the actual conditions. 

Class (3). Here the mass of material is great and the 
examination must be confined to a relatively small number of 
representatives chosen from the entire class. 

ἄγειν, Hes. Th. 626: ἀλλά σφεας Κρονίδης τε καὶ ἀθάνατοι θεοὶ 
ἄλλοι [...|. .. ἀνήγαγον ἐς φάος αὖτις. It was perhaps partly 
by the help of such directive words as αὖ, αὖτις, ὀπίσω, πάλιν 
that ἀνά out of its original purely deictic sense developed that 
of reversal. The particle belongs characteristically to situ- 
ations of sensitiveness, helplessness, recoil. It seems not un- 
likely that the nautical use of this compound had reference to 
the dangers and difficulties of the sea, and the metaphorical 
application appears to confirm the view. Plat. Charm. 155 Ὁ: 
eve BAEWE TE μοι τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ἀμήχανόν τι οἷον Kal ἀνήγετο ὡς ἐρωτῆ- 


gov. Compare ἀνερωτᾶν. The κατά- compound marks the ab- 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 33 


sence of uncertainty. Od. 19. 186: καὶ yap τὸν Κρήτηνδε κατῆγα- 
γεν ts ἀνέμοιο. Thuc. 4. 68. 6: és κίνδυνον φανερὸν τὴν πόλιν κατα- 
γαγεῖν. 

αἱρεῖν, Plat. Rep. 533 C: ἡ διαλεκτικὴ μέθοδος μόνη ταύτῃ 
πορεύεται, τὰς ὑποθέσεις ἀναιροῦσα, ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν τὴν ἀρχὴν, ἵνα βεβαιώση- 
ται, removal of obstacle in path. 5986. 1. 42. Dem. 3. 35. Od. 
2. 100: εἰς ὅτε κέν μιν | poip’ ὀλοὴ καθέλῃσι, destiny. 

βοᾶν, Hdt 1. 8: ποίεε ὅκως ἐκείνην θηήσεαι γυμνὴν - 6 δὲ μέγα 
ἀμβώσας εἶπε. Ar. Eq. 286: καταβοήῆσομαι βοῶν σε. 

γελᾶν, Xen. Cyr. 6. 1. 34: 6 δ᾽ ὡς ἤκουσεν, ἀναγελάσας ἐπὶ τῷ 
κρείττονι τοῦ ἔρωτος φάσκοντι εἶναι πέμπει. Eur. Bacch. 286: καὶ 
καταγελᾷς viv, ὡς ἐνερράφη Διὸς [μηρῷ; 

δέρκεσθαι, 1]. 14. 436: ὁ δ᾽ ἀμπνύνθη καὶ ἀνέδρακεν ὀφθαλμοῖ- 
ow, reference to previous condition. Od. 11. 16: οὐδέ zor’ 
αὐτοὺς | ἠέλιος φαέθων καταδέρκεται axtivesow. Soph. Tr. 1000: 
τόδ᾽ ἀκῆλητον μανίας ἄνθος καταδερχθῆναι, inherent or imparted 
power. 

δέχεσθαι, Plat. Hipp. Mi. 365 D: σὺ δ᾽ ἐπειδὴ φαίνει ἀναδε- 
χόμενος τὴν αἰτίαν, compare: ‘It’s up to you’. Rep. 401 E: καὶ 
ὀρθῶς δὴ δυσχεραίνων τὰ μὲν καλὰ ἐπαινοῖ Kal χαίρων καταδεχόμενος 
εἰς τὴν ψυχὴν τρέφοιτ᾽ ἂν az’ αὐτῶν, personal conviction. 

εἰπεῖν, Xen. Cyr. 4. 2. 35: τῷ δὲ ἀπειθοῦντι πάντα τὰ χαλεπὰ 
ἀνεῖπεν. Hdt. 2. 89: λαμφθῆναι γάρ τινά φασι μισγόμενον νεκρῷ 
προσφάτῳ γυναικὸς, κατεῖπαι δὲ τὸν ὁμότεχνον. 

ἔχειν, Il. το. 461: καὶ ray’ ᾿Αθηναίῃ ληίΐτιδι δῖος ᾽Οδυσσεὺς | 
ὑψόσ᾽ ἀνέσχεθε χειρὶ. Soph. El. 1028: ἀνέξομαι κλύουσα χῶταν εὖ 
λέγῃς, resistance to pressure; commonly with negative, e. g., 
Il. 5. 895. With xara the question of opposition does not 
arise. Od. τι. 497: οὕνεκά μιν κατὰ γῆρας ἔχει χεῖράς τε πόδας τε. 

ἡγεῖσθαι, Pind. N. 10. 35: βραχύ μοι στόμα πάντ᾽ ἀναγήησασθ᾽, 
ὅσων ᾿Αργεῖον ἔχει τέμενος | μοῖραν ἐσλῶν. I. 5.82: ἐμοὶ δὲ μακρὸν πάσας 
ἀναγησασθ᾽ ἀρετάς. Hdt. 5. 4, the burden felt. Plat. Theaet. 
200 E: 6 τὸν ποταμὸν καθηγούμενος... ἔφη ἄρα δείξειν αὐτό, implies 
command of the matter under discussion. 

θεωρεῖν, Diodor. 12. 15: ἀναθεωρούμενος δὲ καὶ per’ ἀκριβείας 
ἐξεταζόμενος μεγάλην ἔχει σπουδὴν, compare ἀναζητεῖν. Plat. Gorg. 
465 D: καὶ γὰρ ἂν, εἰ μὴ ἡ ψυχὴ τῷ σώματι ἐπεστάτει, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὸ αὑτῷ, 
καὶ μὴ ὑπὸ ταύτης κατεθεωρεῖτο καὶ διεκρίνετο 7 τε ὀψοποιικὴ καὶ ἡ 


Η 
ἰατρικὴ. 


324 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


κηρύττειν, Soph. O. T. 450: ὃν πάλαι | ζητεῖς ἀπειλῶν κἀνα- 
κηρύσσων φόνον. Xen. An. 2. 2. 20: τοῦτον ἀνειπεῖν ἐκέλευσε σιγὴν 
κατακηρύξαντα. 

κλαίειν, Hdt. 3. 14: οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι πατέρες ἀνεβόευν τε καὶ ἀνέ- 
κλαιον ὁρέοντες τὰ τέκνα κεκακωμένα, the outcry elicited by the sight. 
Eur. El. 156: ὡς σὲ τὸν ἀθλιον | πατέρ᾽ ἐγώ κατακλαίομαι, a wail 
from the heart. 

κύπτειν, Xen. Oec. 11. 5: οὕτω δὴ ἐγὼ ἀνέκυψα ἀκούσας. II. τό. 
611: ἀλλ᾽ ὃ μὲν ἄντα ἰδὼν ἠλεύατο χάλκεον ἔγχος - | πρόσσω γὰρ κα- 
τέκυψε, employed body as instrument; compare: ‘ Dodged her!’ 

λύειν, Od. 2. 105: ἔνθα καὶ ἠματίη μὲν ὑφαίνεσκεν μέγαν ἱστὸν, 
νύκτας δ᾽ ἀλλύεσκεν. Xen. Hell. 7. 5. τὸ : λογιζομένῳ ὅτι, εἰ μὲν νι- 
κῴη πάντα ταῦτα ἀναλύσοιτο, removal of discredit. Dem. 14. 34: 
πρίασθαι γενέσθαι tw’ αὐτοῖς καιρὸν δι᾽ οὗ τὰς προτέρας ἀναλύσονται 
πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἁμαρτίας. I]. 2. 117: ὃς δὴ πολλάων πολίων 
κατέλυσε κάρηνα. Ar. Plut. 142: ὥστε τοῦ Διὸς | τὴν δύναμιν, ἢν 
λυπῇ τι, καταλύσεις μόνος. 

μανθάνειν, Hdt. 9. ΤΟΙ: χρόνῳ οὐ πολλῷ ogi ὕστερον δῆλα 
ἀναμανθάνουσι ἐγένετο, δῆλα terminates the uncertainty; κατά 
contemplates no uncertainty. Plat. Parm. 128 A: οὕτω λέγεις, 
ἢ ἐγὼ οὐκ ὠρθῶς καταμανθάνω ; On the double element in μανθάνειν, 
Euthyd. 277 E. 

μένειν, Hdt. 7. 42: ὑπὸ τῇ Ἴδῃ νύκτα ἀναμείναντι βρονταί. 
ἐπεσπίπτουσι. Plat. Lys. 209 A: οὐκ ἀναμένουσιν ἕως ἂν ἡλικίαν 
ἔχῃς. Ηάϊ. 2. 103: εἴτε τῶν τινὲς στρατιωτέων τῇ πλάνῃ αὐτοῦ ἀχθε- 
σθέντες περὶ Φᾶσιν ποταμὸν κατέμειναν. Lys. 31. 18. Compare 
κατὰ χώραν μένειν. 1]. 22. 257: αἴ κεν ἐμοὶ Ζεὺς [ δώῃ καμμονίην, 
σὴν δὲ ψυχὴν ἀφέλωμαι. 

μετρεῖν, Plat. Rep. 531 A: τὰς γὰρ ἀκουομένας αὖ συμφωνίας 
καὶ φθόγγους ἀλλήλοις ἀναμετροῦντες ἀνῆνυτα ὥσπερ οἱ ἀστρονόμοι 
πονοῦσιν, reliance on a varying standard. Xen. Oec. 4. 21: 
πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον ἄγαμαι τοῦ καταμετρῆσαντός σοι καὶ διατάξαντος ἕκαστα 
τούτων, suggests definite plan. 

νεύειν, Plat. Rep. 350E: ἐγὼ δέ σοι, ὥσπερ ταῖς γραυσὶ ταῖς 
tovs μύθους λεγούσαις, εἶεν ἐρῶ καὶ κατανεύσομαι καὶ ἀνανεύσομαι. As 
elsewhere, so when they indicate the direction of movement by 
which the Greek expressed denial or affirmation the particles 
ava and κατά elude translation. Etymology must be kept in 
sight. Out of dva’s basic notion of reference to external situa- 
tion arises the sense of obstruction, the blocking of the way. 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 35 


Where κατά is, there from theactor’s point of view the road is 
open. One must occupy a position in order to pronounce on 
a situation. Od. 9. 468: τοὺς δὲ στενάχοντο γοῶντες. | ἀλλ᾽ ἐγὼ 
οὐκ εἴων, ἀνὰ δ᾽ ὀφρύσι νεῦον ἑκάστῳ | κλαίειν, impediment pre- 
sented in outside conditions ; contrast 490: ἑτάροισι δ᾽ ἐποτρύνας 
ἐκέλευσα | ἐμβαλέειν κώπῃς, ἵν᾽ ὑπὲκ κακότητα φύγοιμεν, | κρατὶ κατα- 
νεύων, the actor’s will creates conditions; compare II. ὃ. 175 
and h. Merc. 524-5. 

ὀλολύζειν, Aesch. Ag. 565: ἀνωλόλυξα μὲν πάλαι χαρᾶς ὕπο, 
ὅτ᾽ ἦλθ᾽ 6 πρῶτος νύχιος ἄγγελος πυρός. 1072: στάσις δ᾽ ἀκόρετος 
γένει | κατολολυξάτω θύματος λευσίμου. 

ὀλοφύρεσθαι, Xen. Cyr. 7. 3. 14: ἡ δὲ τροφὸς ἀνωλοφύρατό 
τε καὶ περιεκάλυπτεν ἄμφω, she had just witnessed the tragedy. 
Thuc. 8. 81, note γενομένης δὲ ἐκκλησίας. Plat. Prot. 327 E. 
Xen. Cyr. 7. 3. 17: ὃ δὲ Κῦρος ὡς ἐπλησίασε τῷ πάθει, ἀγασθείς τε 
τὴν γυναῖκα Kal κατολοφυράμενος ἀπήει. 

ὁμολογεῖν, Plat. Rep. 348B: ἂν δὲ ὥσπερ ἄρτι ἀνομολο- 
γούμενοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους σκοπῶμεν, ἅμα αὐτοί τε δικασταὶ καὶ ῥήτορες 
ἐσόμεθα, compromise. Crito 49 C: καὶ ὅρα, ὦ Κρίτων, ταῦτα 
καθομολογῶν, ὅπως μὴ παρὰ δόξαν ὁμολογῇς. Gorg. 499 B, stamp 
of personal approval. 

ὀρθοῦν, Plat. Rep. 346 E: καὶ ἄρτι ἔλεγον μηδένα ἐθέλειν 
ἑκόντα ἄρχειν καὶ τὰ ἀλλότρια κακὰ μεταχειρίζεσθαι ἀνορθοῦντα. Isoc. 
5.64. Soph. ΕἸ. 416: πολλά τοι σμικροὶ λόγοι | ἔσφηλαν ἤδη καὶ 
κατώρθωσαν βροτούς. Plat. Theaet. 203 B. 

παύειν, Xen. Mem. 4. 3. 3: ἀναπαύσεώς γε δεομένοις ἡμῖν νύκτα 
παρέχουσι κάλλιστον ἀναπαυτήριον. Isoc. 8. 20: ἀναπεπαυμένοι μὲν 
τῶν εἰσφορῶν. Soph. El. 873: φέρω γὰρ ἡδονάς τε κἀνάπαυλαν ὧν | 
πάροιθεν εἶχες καὶ κατέστενες κακῶν. Plat. Legg. 758 D: τὰ ἕνδεκα 
ἀναπαυόμενον τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ μέρη, temporary. Hdt. I. 27: εἰπόντα 
τάδε καταπαῦσαι τὴν ναυπηγίην. 

πιμπλάναι, 1]. ὃ. 34: οἵ κεν δὴ κακὸν οἶτον ἀναπλῆσαντες ὄλων- 
ται. This compound is in Homer always accompanied by one 
of the words ἄλγεα, κακά, κήδεα, οἶτον, πότμον, representing a 
force of destiny with which the subject cannot cope, and these 
words are never used with the simple verb nor with any other 
compound of it. So Hdt. 5. 4: ὅσα pw δεῖ ἐπείτε ἐγένετο ava- 
πλῆσαι κακὰν Plat. Phaed. 83D: καὶ οἵα μηδέποτε καθαρῶς eis 
ἽΑιδου ἀφικέσθαι, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεὶ τοῦ σώματος ἀναπλέα ἐξιέναι, ὥστε ταχὺ 


πάλιν πίπτειν εἰς ἄλλο σῶμα, and in general of that which operates 


36 ANA AND KATA IN CoMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


as a fetter on the free action of the subject. Rep. 496D: 
ὁρῶν τοὺς ἄλλους καταπιμπλαμένους ἀνομίας ἀγαπᾷ, εἴ πῃ αὐτὸς Kaba- 
pos ἀδικίας... τόν τε ἐνθάδε βίον βιώσεται. 

πίπτειν, Thuc. I. 70. 5: νικώμενοι ἐπ᾽ ἐλάχιστον ἀναπίπτουσιν. 
Dem. 19. 224: δέδοικα μὴ τότε μὲν συνεπισπάσησθέ με τὸν μηδ᾽ 
ὁτιοῦν ἀδικοῦντα, νῦν δ᾽ ἀναπεπτωκότες ἦτε. Lys. I. 27: πληγεὶς 
κατέπεσεν εὐθύς. 

σχίξειν, Hdt. 1. 123: λαγὸν μηχανησάμενος καὶ ἀνασχίσας 
τούτου τὴν γαστέρα... ἐσέθηκε βιβλίον, so as to reveal the inte- 
rior. Dem. 21. 79: καὶ πρῶτον μὲν κατέσχισαν τὰς θύρας τῶν οἰκη- 
μάτων, ὡς αὑτῶν ἤδη γιγνομένας κατὰ τὴν ἀντίδοσιν, arbitrary exer- 
cise of power. 

τρίβειν, Xen. Cyn. 6. 26: ἀνατρίψαντα τὰς κύνας ἀπιέναι ἐκ 
τοῦ κυνηγεσίου, their condition demands attention. Dem. 57. 9: 
πρῶτον μὲν, ἐπειδὴ συνελέγησαν οἱ δημόται, κατέτριψε THY ἡμέραν δημη- 
γορῶν καὶ ψηφίσματα γράφων. 

φαίνειν, Xen. Mem. 4. 3. 4: ἄστρα ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ἀνέφηναν, ἃ 
ἡμῖν τὰς ὥρας τῆς νυκτὸς ἐμφανίζε. Plat. Rep. 334 A: κλέπτης 
ἄρα τις ὃ δίκαιος, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἀναπέφανται, Community of view. 
Xen. Cyr. 4. 5. 15. Plat. Phileb. τό (: θεῶν μὲν εἰς ἀνθρώπους 
δόσις, ὥς γε καταφαίνεται ἐμοὶ, ποθὲν ἐκ θεῶν ἐρρίφη, individual 
view. Isoc. II. 4: πειράσομαί σοι ποιῆσαι καταφανὲς ὅτι... διή- 
paptes. Plat. Sophist. 231 D, to you and me; 222 αὶ to me. 
Compare 1]. 2. 5: ἥδε δέ of κατὰ θυμὸν ἀρίστη φαίνετο βουλὴ. 

φεύγειν, Xen. An. 6. 4. 24: οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ὄρος ἀνέφυγον. 
Hell. 6. 5. 40: εἰ δέ τινες φοβοῦνται μὴ, ἐὰν νῦν ἀναφύγωσιν οἱ Λακε- 
δαιμόνιοι, ἔτι ποτὲ πράγματα παρέχωσιν ὑμῖν, ἐνθυμήθητε, situation 
too difficult to face. Plat. Sophist. 260C: τὸν δὲ σοφιστὴν 
ἔφαμεν ἐν τούτῳ που TO τόπῳ καταπεφευγέναι μὲν, ἔξαρνον δὲ γεγονέναι 
τὸ παράπαν μηδ᾽ εἶναι ψεῦδος, his final stand. Hdt. 4. 23: ὃς ἂν 
φεύγων καταφύγῃ ἐς τούτους, ὑπ᾽ οὐδενὸς ἀδικέεται, a sure reliance. 

φοβεῖν, Ar. Vesp. 670: ἐπαπειλοῦντες τοιαυτὶ κἀναφοβοῦντες, | 
οἴσετε τὸν φόρον, ἢ βροντῆσας τὴν πόλιν ὑμῶν ἀνατρέψω, the threat 
comes as a flash before the eyes. Thuc. 7. 21: τῷ δὲ θράσει 
ἐπιχειροῦντες καταφοβοῦσι. 

φράζειν, Od. 19. 301: py ἑ λαβοῦσα | οὐλὴν ἀμφράσσαιτο καὶ 
ἀμφαδὰ ἔργα γένοιτο, bystanders considered. Pind. O. 10. 68: 
τὸ δὲ σαφανὲς ἰὼν πόρσω κατέφρασεν, relentless accuracy of Time. 
Compare σὺν χρόνῳ. 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 237 


VI. Ἀνά wiTH CASE. 


(1) ᾿Ανά with Accusative. 

In general the substantive with which ἀνά is connected de- 
notes a material expanse presented to the senses and the effect 
of the combination is that of an outside influence independent 
of the actor. Substantives of action, or even suggestive of 
action, are uncommon: wherein the particle manifests its pas- 
sive character. The basic sense of ἀνά and the basic sense of 
the accusative are antagonistic in that, whereas the case marks 
the conclusion of the action, the preposition through its affinity 
with the nature of the substantive keeps the image alive. 

As preposition ava holds its ground chiefly in epic, subordi- 
nately in lyric and dramatic poetry, clinging in the drama 
mainly to the lyric passages. Among prose writers it is em- 
ployed most by Herodotus, who is characterized by much 
dramatic color; here and.there by Plato, Xenophon and others. 
In ordinary prose there is little need to wrest the particle 
from the embrace of the verb. For prepositional service 
there are more effective, if less highly colored, agencies, nota- 
bly zpos, which exhibits its affinity with ἀνά in the frequent 
combination zpogava-, its inclusion of the sense of ἀνά by the 
order: never avarpoo-. 

Substantive does not afford the same variety of color-shade 
as verb, with its more fluid character. Hence the classes are 
fewer and, as in parathesis, the divisions encroach on each 
other. They are unified by the primary sense of the particle. 

a. Search and kindred notions. II. 2. 36: τὰ φρονέοντ᾽ ἀνὰ 
θυμὸν a “p’ οὐ τελέεσθαι ἔμελλον. 3. 449: ᾿Ατρεΐδης δ᾽ av’ ὅμιλον 
ἐφοίτα θηρὶ ἐοικὼς. 4. 251: κιὼν ἀνὰ οὐλαμὸν ἀνδρῶν. 5. 74: ἀντικρὺ 
δ᾽ av’ ὀδόντας ὑπὸ γλῶσσαν τάμε χαλκός, connotes the reach of the 
swing; note κατά in context. 167: βῆ δ᾽ ἴμεν ἄν τε μάχην... 
Πάνδαρον ἀντίθεον διζήμενος. 528. 6. 71. ᾿Ανά is in favorite use 
in the simile, painting the picture. 10.298: βάν ‘p’ ἴμεν ὥστε λέοντε 
δύω διὰ νύκτα μέλαιναν, | ἂμ φόνον, ἂν véxvas. 362. 12. 333: πάπτηνεν 
δ᾽ ἀνὰ πύργον ᾿Αχαιῶν, εἴ tw’ ἴδοιτο. 23. 464: πάντη δέ μοι ὄσσε! 
Τρωικὸν ἂμ πεδίον παπταίνετον εἰσορόωντι. 24. 680: ὁρμαίνοντ᾽ ἀνὰ 
θυμὸν ὅπως. . .[. . ἐκπέμψει. Od. 4. 666: κρίνας τ᾽ ἀνὰ δῆμον 
ἀρίστους. ΤΟ. 251: ἤομεν, ὡς ἐκέλευες, ἀνὰ δρυμὰ. . | εὕρομεν. 
275. 13. 367: μαιομένη κευθμῶνας ἀνὰ σπέος. 14. 286. 15. 80: εἰ δ᾽ 
ἐθέλεις τραφθῆναι av’ Ἕ λλάδα, route as suggested to mind of 

3 


38 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


speaker. 22. 143. Soph. O. T. 477: φοιτᾷ γὰρ ὑπ᾽ ἀγρίαν | ὕλαν 
ἀνά τ᾽ ἄντρα καὶ | πέτρας ἅτε ταῦρος. Eur. Bacch. 352: οἵ δ᾽ ava 
πόλιν στείχοντες ἐξιχνεύσατε. I. A. 538. Rhes. 587. Phoen. 1275. 

b. Sound, odor. 1]. 2. 250: βασιλῆας ἀνὰ στόμ᾽ ἔχων. 4. 436: 
ds Τρώων ἀλαλητὸς ἀνὰ στρατὸν εὐρὺν ὀρώρει. 8. 517: κήρυκες δ᾽ ἀνὰ 
ἄστυ διίφιλοι ἀγγελλόντων. II. 160. 324: τὼ δ᾽ ἀν᾽ ὅμιλον ἰόντε 
κυδοίμεον, ὡς ὅτε κάπρω |... Od. 5. 60: τηλόθι δ᾽ ὀδμὴ | κέδρου 7’ 
εὐκεάτοιο θύου τ᾽ ἀνὰ νῆσον ὀδώδει. 9. 209. Soph. O. C. 1058: αὐταρ- 
κεῖ τάχ᾽ ἐμμίξειν βοᾷ | τούσδ᾽ ἀνὰ χώρους. Eur. And. 95. ΕἸ. 8o. 
lee. τττο: 

c. Spectator, hearer, connoted. 1]. 1. 10: νοῦσον ava στρατὸν 
ὦρσε κακὴν. 53. 3. 245: κήρυκες δ᾽ ἀνὰ ἄστυ θεῶν φέρον ὅρκια πιστὰ. 
5. 87: θῦνε γὰρ ἂμ πεδίον ποταμῷ πλήθοντι ἐοικὼς. (Compare 20. 
411: ποδῶν ἀρετὴν ἀναφαίνων. 21. 347: ἀγξηράνῃ " χαίρει δέ μιν ὅστις 
ἐθείρῃ. 22. 77: πολιὰς δ᾽ ap’ ἀνὰ τρίχας ἕλκετο χερσὶν | τίλλων ἐκ 
κεφαλῆς. Od. τ. 440: πασσάλῳ ἀγκρεμάσασα παρὰ τρητοῖς λεχέεσιν). 
824: γιγνώσκω γὰρ “Apna μάχην ἀνὰ κοιρανέοντα. 6. 505: σεύατ᾽ 
ἔπειτ᾽ ἀνὰ ἄστυ, ποσὶ κραιπνοῖσι πεποιθώς. 7. 183: κῆρυξ δὲ φέρων av’ 
ὅμιλον ἁπάντη | dee’ ἐνδέξια πᾶσιν. 8. 89. 378. 9. 383. 305. 10. 66. 
339: βῆ ‘p’ av’ ὁδὸν μεμαώς " τὸν δὲ φράσατο προσιόντα. 460. II. 247. 
12. 49, picture of struggle. 13. 117, reputation to sustain. 199. 
239: ὡς εἰπὼν 6 μὲν αὖτις ἔβη θεὸς ἂμ πόνον ἀνδρῶν, frequent after 
speech. 270. 308: ἢ ἀνὰ μέσσους, the speaker points the direc- 
tion. 547. 14. 155. 15. 488. 584. 16. 156. 296. 349. 17. 257. 18. 
4: τὰ φρονέοντ᾽ ἀνά θυμὸν ἃ δὴ τετελεσμένα ἦεν, retrospective. 278, 
prospective. 493: νύμφας δ᾽ ἐκ θαλάμων δαΐδων ὕπο Aapropevawr| 
ἠγίνεον ἀνὰ ἄστυ, πολὺς δ᾽ ὑμέναιος ὀρώρει. 546: τοὶ δὲ στρέψασκον 
dv’ ὄγμους, | ἱέμενοι νειοῖο βαθείης τέλσον ἱκέσθαι. ἡ δὲ μελαίνετ᾽ 
ὄπισθεν. 19. 212: κεῖται, ἀνὰ πρόθυρον τετραμμένος, ἀμφὶ δ᾽ ἑταῖροι | 
μύρονται. 20. 113. 427. 21. 258. 23. 617. 716. Od. I. 365 : μνηστῆρες 
δ᾽ ὁμάδησαν ἀνὰ μέγαρα, ἸΠηνελόπεια has just appeared before 
them. 2. 116. 156. 291. 430, scene of festivity. 4. 768. 5. 320. 7. 
129. 180. 8. 7. 173: ἔρχόμενον δ᾽ ἀνὰ ἄστυ θεὸν ὡς εἰσορόωσιν. 377, 
exhibition. 10. 63: οἱ δ᾽ ἀνὰ θυμὸν ἐθάμβεον ἔκ τ᾽ ἐρέοντο, compare 
ἀνερωτᾶν. 308. 12. 143. 14. 34, excitement over what he has 
just seen. 15. 274. 16. 461: τί δὴ κλέος ἔστ᾽ ἀνὰ ἄστυ; 17. 360. 
18. 246, ᾿Αχαιοί conceived assembled to see. 19. 73: ἡ ὅτι δὴ 
purdw ... | πτωχεύω δ᾽ ἀνὰ δῆμον; (contrast 18. I, where the 
beggar isa professional). 273, paints the picture for his hearer. 
408, mental review. 20. 276: κήρυκες δ᾽ ἀνὰ ἄστυ θεῶν ἱερὴν éxa- 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 29 


τόμβην | ἦγον. 21. 234, preparatory (compare 1]. 3. 355: ἀμπε- 
παλὼν προΐει). 22. 18. 77: ἔλθωμεν δ᾽ ἀνὰ ἄστυ, Bon δ᾽ ὥκιστα γένοιτο. 
132, compare ἀνειπεῖν. 176, pictures helplessness of the subject; 
compare the speech addressed to him in 195-9: a lynching. 
239, appeal to sight in 233. 474: ἐκ δὲ Μελάνθιον ἦγον ἀνὰ πρόθυρον, 
note the spectacle following. 2g. 136, the traveller mentally 
pictured. 24. 318: ava ῥῖνας δέ οἱ ἤδη | δριμὺ μένος προὔτυψε φίλον 
πατέρ᾽ εἰσορόωντι. Pind. 1. 6. 49: εὐανθέ᾽ ἀπέπνευσας ἁλικίαν | προ- 
μάχων av’ ὅμιλον. Aesch. Pers. 582: τοὶ δ᾽ ἀνὰ γᾶν ᾿Ασίαν δὴν | οὐκ- 
έτι περσονομοῦνται. Theb. 328: κορκορυγαὶ δ᾽ av’ ἄστυ. Pr. 569: 
πλανᾷ τε νῆστιν ἀνὰ τὰν παραλίαν ψάμμαν. Soph. Ph. 678: Ἰξίον᾽ 
av’ ἄμπυκα δὴ δρομάδ᾽ ὡς ἔβαλ᾽. Eur. And. 1000. 1037. Bacch. 
216: κλύω δὲ νεοχμὰ τῆνδ᾽ ἀνὰ πτόλιν κακὰ. 589: 6 Διόνυσος ἀνὰ 
μέλαθρα" | σέβετέ νιν. 1024: ὦ δῶμ᾽ ὃ πρίν ποτ᾽ ἠυτύχεις av’ ῬἝλλάδα. 
Hel. 180. 1302. El. 714: σελαγεῖτο δ᾽ dv’ ἄστυ | πῦρ ἐπιβώμιον. 
Herac. 324. Supp. 604. 721: βοὴ δὲ καὶ κωκυτὸς ἦν ἀνὰ πτόλιν. 
Hipp. 68. I. A. 1ogo. Ion 796. 830. 1455. 1575: ἔσται δ᾽ ἀν᾽ 
Ἑλλάδ᾽ εὐκλεῆς. Med. 509. Or. 250: δυσκλεές τ᾽ av’ “Ἑλλάδα. 808. 
Rhes. 42. Tro. 546. 555. Phoen. 1038. 

d. Sense of difficulty, obstruction, confronting actor. 

Il. I. 570: ὥχθησαν δ᾽ ava δῶμα, recoil before the wrath of 
Ζεύς. ὃ. 55, note παυρότεροι, χρειοῖ ἀναγκαίῃ. 158. 11. 259. 12. 471, 
Τρῶες in ascendency. 13. 110: ἀλλὰ κτείνονται av’ αὐτάς, cowards. 
14. 80 (compare 259: Νὺξ δμῆτειρα and Thuc. 3. 22: ἀνὰ τὸ σκοτει- 
νὸν. 15). 101 (compare Od. 5. 412: λισσὴ δ᾽ ἀναδέδρομε πέτρη). 657: 
οὐδ᾽ ἐκέδασθεν ἀνὰ στρατὸν " ἴσχε yap αἰδὼς (contrast 562: αἰδώς may 
hold in check, may impel). 21. 137: ὥρμηνεν δ᾽ ἀνὰ θυμὸν ὅπος 
παύσειε πόνοιο | δῖον ᾿Αχιλλῆα, ᾿Αχιλλεύς has the upper hand 
(compare 147). 303, difficulty in the surroundings. 22. 452. 23. 
74. 321: ἵπποι δὲ πλανόωνται ava δρόμον, οὐδὲ κατίσχει, loss Of con- 
trol. 24. 166: θυγατέρες δ᾽ ἀνὰ δώματ᾽ ἰδὲ woi ὠδύροντο, | τῶν 
μιμνησκόμεναι, COMpare ἀναμιμνήσκεσθαι and contrast 740: τῷ καί 
μιν λαοὶ μὲν ὀδύρονται κατὰ ἄστυ, destiny. Od. 1. 193. 4. 638: ὡς 
edad’, οἱ δ᾽ ἀνὰ θυμὸν ἐθάμβεον. 5. 456. 11. 496, in the first alter- 
native the subject is in control of the situation, in the second 
he is dominated by it. 12. 333: ἔτειρε δὲ γαστέρα λιμός. | δὴ τότ᾽ 
ἐγὼν ἀνὰ νῆσον ἀπέστιχον, ὄφρα θεοῖσιν | εὐξαίνην, εἴ τίς μοι ὁδὸν 
φήνειε. 13. 32. 14. 2: αὐτὰρ ὁ ἐκ λιμένος προσέβη τρηχεῖαν ἀταρπὸν | 
χῶρον av’ vAnevta δι᾽ ἄκριας. 16. 06. 19. 312: ἀλλά μοι ὧδ᾽ ἀνὰ 
θυμὸν ὀίεται, ὡς ἔσεταί περ, foreboding. Eur. Hec. 117: δόξα δ᾽ 


40 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


ἐχώρει Six’ av’ “EAAnvwv | στρατὸν, divided counsel. El. 210: 
δωμάτων πατρίων φυγὰς, | odpetas av’ ἐρίπνας. I. T. 886. Xen. 
Cyr. I. 4. 23: ἐκκλίνουσι καὶ φεύγουσιν ὁμόθεν διώκοντας ἀνὰ κράτος. 
An. 1. 8. 1: ἐλαύνων ἀνὰ κράτος ἱδρῶντι τῷ ἵππῳ. 10.15. Contrast 
8. 19. 

Herodotus shows about fifty instances of ἀνά with accusa- 
tive. Here, as elsewhere, there is appeal to sight, hearing. 
The distributive sense appears, but the distribution implies, 
otherwise than with κατά, a beholder. 1. 94: σιτοδείην ἰσχυρὴν 
ἀνὰ τὴν Λυδίην πᾶσαν γενέσθαι. G6. 97. 100. 136: τῷ δὲ τοὺς πλεί- 
στους ἀποδεικνύντι δῶρα ἐκπέμπει ὁ βασιλεὺς ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος, to be 
looked forward to. 184: χώματα ἀνὰ τὸ πεδίον ἐόντα ἀξιοθέητα. 
185. 193: φοίνικες πεφυκότες ἀνὰ πᾶν τὸ πεδίον. 194, Obstruction. 
2. 4. τι: ῥηχίη δ᾽ ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ ἄμπωτις ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέρην γίνεται. 
37. 62. ὃ5: ἀνὰ τὴν πόλιν στρωφεόμεναι τύπτονται.... φαίνουσαι τοὺς 
μαζούς. OI. III. 130: θυμιῆματα δὲ παρ᾽ αὐτῇ παντοῖα καταγίζουσι 
ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέρην, ἀνά is fond of situations in which reference is 
made to display. 132. 135. 3. 97. 131. 160. 4. 7. 14: éoxeda- 
σμένου δὲ ἤδη τοῦ λόγου ava THY πόλιν. 22. ΤΟΙ : ἡ δὲ ὁδὸς ἡ ἡμερησίη 
ἀνὰ διηκόσια στάδια συμβέβληταί μοι (compare 6. 63: ἐπὶ δακτύλων 
συμβαλλόμενος). 5. 27: ἀμυνόμενοι ἀνὰ χρόνον ἐκακώθησαν, times 
against (contrast 28: κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον ἡ Μίλητος αὐτῆ τε 
ἑωυτῆς μάλιστα δὴ τότε ἀκμάσασα). 38, casts eye over the field. 
102. 114. 6. 48. 57. 61. 86. 131. 138. 7. 10: ἀνὰ χρόνον ἐξεύροι τις 
av, compare ἀνευρίσκειν. 106. 150: ἄλλος λόγος λεγόμενος ava THY 
Ἑλλάδα. 153. 1842. 223. 8. 10. 65. 123. 124. 9. 38. 44. 86. 99. 

In distribution ἀνά appears to incline toward combinations 
involving a multiple of ἁ πέντε: compare ἀναπεμπάζεσθαι. Ar. 
Ran. 554: xpéa.. . εἴκοσιν | av’ ἡμιωβολιαῖα. Andoc. I. 38: ἑστά- 
ναι δὲ κύκλῳ ἀνὰ πέντε Kal δέκα ἄνδρας, τοὺς δὲ ἀνὰ εἴκοσιν, Dem. 27. 
Q: ἀνὰ πέντε μνᾶς καὶ ἕξ. Xen. An. 4. 6. 4: ἀνὰ πέντε παρασάγγας 
τῆς ἡμέρας. 5. 4. 12: ἔστησαν ἀνὰ ἑκατὸν. 

(2). ᾿Ανά with Dative. 

The construction is rare. The spectator is implied. Dig- 
nity, majesty are suggested, but also occasionally their distinct 
opposite. Il. 1. 15: στέμματ’ ἔχων ἐν χερσὶν... | χρυσέῳ ἀνὰ 
σκήπτρῳ, flag of truce. 8. 441: ἅρματα δ᾽ ἂμ βωμοῖσι τίθει, κατὰ 
Nita πετάσσας. 14. 352: os 6 μὲν ἀτρέμας εὗδε πατὴρ ἀνὰ Γαργάρῳ 
ἄκρῳ, note objection on ground of publicity made by Ἥρη 330-- 
340. 15. 152. 18. 177, for all to see. Od. 11. 128: onjpa δὲ τοι 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 41 


ἐρέω μάλ᾽ dpippadées... |... |... ἀνὰ φαιδίμῳ Spo. Pind. O. 8. 
67: ἀποπέμπων Αἰακὸν | δεῦρ᾽ av’ ἵπποις χρυσέαις. 10. 83. P. 1. 9: 
εὕδει δ᾽ ἀνὰ σκάπτῳ Διὸς αἰετὸς. 4. 166: ἀνὰ δ᾽ ἡμιόνοις ξεστᾷ τ᾽ 
ἀπῆνᾳ. Aesch. Supp. 337: λυκοδίωκτον ὡς δάμαλιν ἀμπέτραις | ἦλι- 
βάτοις. Eur. ΕἸ. 466. I. A. 754: ἀνά τε ναυσὶν καὶ σὺν ὅπλοις, dis- 
play first then action. 1058. 

(3). ’Ava with Genitive. 

"Ava occurs three times with genitive: Od. 2. 416. 9. 177. 
15. 284, always with νηός and βαίνειν. The scene is the pro- 
spective voyage with its uncertainties; compare ἀνάγεσθαι in 
connection with nautical affairs. 


VII. Kara witH CASE. 


(1) Kara with Accusative. 

The most striking point of contrast between κατά and ἀνά 
with accusative is found in the nature of the substantives with 
which they are respectively employed. For, whereas κατά 
freely associates with substantives of the same kind as ἀνά, it 
is also entirely at home with those with which ἀνά is never 
found, namely, those in which personality is alive, and with 
those which express an action, a class from which ἀνά is 
largely excluded. Be the content of the substantive what it 
may, κατά finds its own in any accusative, because of the 
notion of resultant in the case, and is everywhere character- 
ized by the absence of the sense of obstruction, of appeal to 
externals, which is prominent in ava. Kara is the index of the 
power of an actor and its employment with an accusative, the 
action in noun form, carries the same implication as when it is 
used as verbal prefix. The particle and the case are in com- 
plete harmony, and the effect of the combination is tendency 
to a conclusion, dominance of the situation. 

a. Control of space. 

Il. 1. 318: ὡς οἱ μὲν τὰ πένοντο κατὰ στρατὸν. 409: τοὺς δὲ κατὰ 
πρύμναϑ τε καὶ ἀμφ᾽ ἅλα ἔλσαι. 2. 47: σὺν τῷ ἔβη κατὰ νῆας. 130: 
ot ναΐουσι κατὰ πτόλιν, space is controlled and space controls. 
345: apxev’ ᾿Αργείοισι κατὰ κρατερὰς ὑσμίνας. 362: κρῖν᾽ ἄνδρας 
κατὰ φῦλα, κατὰ φρῆτρας. 398. 470. 803: πολλοὶ γὰρ κατὰ ἄστυ μέγα 
Πριάμου ἐπίκουροι, confidence. 3. 151. 4. 126. 209: βὰν δ᾽ ἰέναι 
καθ᾽ ὅμιλον ἀνὰ στρατὸν εὐρὺν, control modified. 445. 541. 5. 66: 
βεβλήκει γλουτὸν κατὰ δεξιὸν, note sense of unresisted progress 


42 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


in verb of striking, wounding. 140. 162. 332: air’ ἀνδρῶν πόλε- 
μον κάτα κοιρανέουσιν. 495. 499: ὡς δ᾽ ἄνεμος ἄχνας φορέει ἱερὰς κατ᾽ 
ἀλωὰς. 590. 676. 6. 56. 287. 391. 7. 370: νῦν μὲν δόρπον ἕλεσθε 
κατὰ πτόλιν, ὡς τὸ πάρος περ, Sphere in which actor may exercise 
his will. 466. 477. 10. 82: τίς δ᾽ οὗτος κατὰ νῆας ἀνὰ στρατὸν 
ἔρχεαι οἷος | νύκτα δι’ ὀρφναίην. .. ; κατά the boldness of the 
actor; ἀνά the action as it appears to the questioner. 11. 68. 
77. QI. 716. 770. 806: ἀλλ᾽ ore δὴ κατὰ vias... | ike... iva of’ 
ayopn τε θέμις τε | ἤην, Compare κατὰ χώραν. 12. 318. 13. 102. 320. 
14. 173. 180. 518: wy δὲ κατ᾽ οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν | ἔσσυτ᾽ ἐπειγο- 
μένη: 15. 447. 16. 96. 285. 642 (compare 17. 570. 19. 25). 713. 
789. 17. 305: μέμνηντο yap αἰεὶ | ἀλλῆλοις καθ᾽ ὅμιλον ἀλεξέμεναι 
φόνον αἰπύν. 462. 680. 743. 18. 38: ὅσαι κατὰ βένθος ἁλὸς Νηρηίδες 
ἦσαν, their house is their castle. 286, for protection; compare 
καταφεύγειν. 605, professionals. 19. 25. 93. 190: κατὰ στρατὸν 
... |... ἑτοιμασάτω, clothed with authority. 209. 20. 221: ἕλος 
κάτα βουκολέοντο, their home. 377, vantage-ground recognized. 
21. 126,147: ἐδάιζε κατὰ ῥόον. 310, compare καταμένειν. 353. 422: 
ἡ κυνάμυια ayer... |... κατὰ κλόνον, power to guide. 485, haunt 
of the hunter. 22. 1: ὡς οἱ μὲν κατὰ ἄστυ... | ἱδρῶ ἀπεψύχοντο, 
within its protection. 133, seat of power. 394. 433. 442: κέκλετο 
δ᾽ ἀμφιπόλοισιν. . . κατὰ δῶμα, where she was mistress. 23. I, 
grief controls. 162: αὐτίκα λαὸν μὲν σκέδασεν κατὰ νῆας ἐΐσας, 
where they belonged. 230. 285. 24. 662: κατὰ ἄστυ ἐέλμεθα, ἄστυ 
controls. 703. Od. 1. 116. 145. 228, at their ease; compare 
καθέζεσθαι. 2.77. 101 : μῆ τίς μοι κατὰ δῆμον ᾿Αχαιιάδων νεμεσῆσῃ, δῆμος 
would justify the resentment. 140. 247. 383, ᾿Αθήνη. 397: οἱ δ᾽ 
εὕδειν ὥρνυντο κατὰ πτόλιν, κατά regular where the right of action 
is unquestioned ; one’s home, city. 3. 428: εἴπατε δ᾽ εἴσω | Suwpow 
κατὰ δώματ᾽ ἀγακλυτὰ δαῖτα πένεσθαι, regular in connection with 
routine affairs of life: eating, sleeping, preparing meals. 4. 44, 
compare καθορᾶν. 72, view open. 167. 5. 52. 441, security. 6. 50: 
βῆ δ᾽ ἴμεναι κατὰ δώμαθ᾽, ἵν᾽ ἀγγείλειε τοκεῦσιν, important tidings 
to communicate. 7. 102. 8. 300. 444. 9. 120: οἵτε καθ᾽ ὕλην | 
ἄλγεα πάσχουσιν, ὕλη as channel regulates the action. 217. 10. 
122. II. 193, rest afforded and taken. 334. 539, eminence in 
joy. 571, space to which they are confined. 573, eminence in 
prowess. 639. 14. 254. 201: ὀπτῆρας δὲ κατὰ σκοπιὰς ὥτρυνα 
νέεσθαι. 411. 473-4, scene changes: advantage, first thought ; 
then sense of difficulty in situation, 15. 276. 311. 510. 10. 150. 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 43 


159, ᾿Αθήνη. 274. 17. 18, better chance of success; compare 
κατὰ τύχην. 204, unobstructed course. 227. 232. 246. 362, ᾿Αθηνη. 
418, insistency. 501. 558, freedom of the town. 566, compare 
καταφεύγειν. 18. 07: αὐτίκα δ᾽ ἦλθε κατὰ στόμα φοίνιον αἷμα, the 
force of the blow. 19. 67. 195: πολλῶν κατὰ οἶκον ἐόντων, οἶκος 
prepared for emergencies. 233, λοπός pattern for χιτών. 345, 
retainers. 536. 20. 10, ¢pyv, θυμός the controlling force. 59, 
silent, private grief; compare κατακλαίειν. ᾿Ανά has to do with 
initial movements, that may be frustrated, xara with inevitable 
results. 64. 122. 159. 164. 167. 206, fate. 319: ῥυστάζοντας ἀεικε- 
Aiws κατὰ δώματα, arrogance. 331, compare καταμένειν. 369. 21. 
107, ᾿Αχαιὶς γαῖα cannot produce her like. 258, δῆμος given up 
to ἑορτῆ. 208. 331. 372. 22. 22-3, impulse of self-protection; 
not running away. 52. 55. 180, absorbed in work; did not see 
them. 223. 291. 299. 307. 360. 377. 381. 396. 484. 23. 137. 299: 
αὐτοὶ δ᾽ εὐνάζοντο κατὰ μέγαρα. 24. 10. 13. 108. 183. 188: οὐ yap 
πω ἴσασι φίλοι κατὰ δώμαθ᾽ ἑκάστου, compare κατειδέναι. 247. 336, 
compare κατειπεῖν. 338, childish persistency. 413: Ὄσσα δ᾽ ap’ 
ἄγγελος ὦκα κατὰ πτόλιν ᾧχετο πάντη. 449. Eur. Alc. Q50: τὰ μὲν 
κατ᾽ οἶκον, ‘the daily round, the common task’. Κατά in 
articular complexes with substantives of all kinds is common 
in prose and poetry. Plat. Phaed. 82C: τῶν κατὰ τὸ σῶμα ἐπι- 
θυμιῶν, σῶμα controls. Cratyl. 394D: τοῖς μὲν δὴ κατὰ φύσιν 
γιγνομένοις. Eur. Bacch. 282: τῶν καθ᾽ ἡμέραν κακῶν, the inevi- 
tableness of Nature’s order. Dem. 2. 27: τὰ καθ᾽ ὑμᾶς ἐλλείμ- 
pata, personal responsibility. Plat. Menex. 241 C: ὑπὸ μὲν τῶν 
κατὰ γῆν, ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν κατὰ θάλατταν μαθόντας, γῆ and θάλαττα con- 
tribute to the result; compare A: οἷα ἐπιόντα ὑπέμειναν κατά τε 
γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν. 

So of definite locations, points of departure, bases of action. 
Hdt. 1. 76: ἡ δὲ Πτερίη. .. κατὰ Οινώπην πόλιν... κειμήνη. Plat. 
Symp. 190 E: ἕν στόμα ποιῶν ἀπέδει κατὰ μέσην τὴν γαστέρα. Cra- 
tyl. 307 B: ὥσπερ κατ᾽ ἀρχὰς ἐλέγομεν, appeal to former position. 
Sophist 261 C: καθάπερ ἐρρήθη viv δὴ. Here belongs ἢ κατά with 
the comparative. Plat. Phaed. 94 E: θειοτέρου τινὸς πράγματος 
ἢ καθ᾽ ἁρμονίαν. Apol. 20 E. Thue. 7. 75: μείζω ἢ κατὰ δάκρυα τὰ 
μὲν πεπονθότας, work contrasted with power to do it; compare 
Hdt. 3. 14: τὰ μὲν οἰκῆια ἦν μέζω κακὰ ἢ ὥστε ἀνακλαΐίειν, Work 
contrasted with effect of effort to do it. 

In distributive expressions with κατά the power to survey 


44 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


the situation, to make the apportionment, is implied in the 
particle, reinforced by the case. Il. 2. 362. Plat. Theaet. 182 
A: κατὰ μέρη οὖν ἄκουε. 

The combination of κατά with accusative marks, in general, 
the pattern definitely set before the eye, the standard to be 
conformed to, the irresistible conclusion. Whether the indi- 
viduality of the actor or the stream represented in the case is 
in the ascendency, the context alone can determine. Plat. 
Theaet. 192 B: αἰσθάνεται καὶ ἔχει τὸ σημεῖον κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν. 
Sophist. 216 A: κατὰ τὴν χθὲς ὁμολογίαν. .. ἥκομεν, Compare 
καθομολογεῖν. Ar. Eq. 499: πράξειας | κατὰ νοῦν τὸν ἐμὸν. Hdt. 2. 
68: καὶ ὃ νεοσσὸς κατὰ λόγον τοῦ φοῦ γίνεται. Lys. I. 4: τῆς κατὰ 
νόμους τιμωρίας. Xen. Hell. 5. 4. 54: κατὰ τοὺς ὅρκους συνεστρατεύ- 
οντο. Mem. I. I. 18: ὅρκον ὀμόσας, ἐν ᾧ ἦν κατὰ τοὺς νόμους βου- 
λεύσειν, that they should be his guide. Plat. Hipparch. 2320: 
οὐκοῦν κατὰ TOV σὸν λόγον πάντες ἄνθρωποι φιλοκερδεῖς ἂν εἶεν, COM- 
pare B: ὁ λόγος ἡμᾶς ἠνάγκακε.... ὁμολογεῖν. Apol. 17 B: οὐ κατὰ 
τούτους εἶναι ῥήτωρ. 

b. Index of power, physical and other. 

11. 1. 483: ἡ δ᾽ ἔθεεν κατὰ κῦμα διαπρήσσουσα κέλευθον. 4. 276: 
ἐρχόμενον κατὰ πόντον ὑπὸ Ζεφύροιο ἰωῆς. 278. 9. 234. 12. 33. 13. 
556: κατ᾽ αὐτοὺς | στρωφᾶτ᾽, at home among them. 588. 707. 
14. 20: ὥς ὃ γέρων ὥρμαινε δαϊζόμενος κατὰ θυμὸν, as the wave 
poises (κωφῷ, ὀσσόμενον) before the liberation of its power 
(xataPnpevat ... obpov), SO θυμός poises on the brink of decision; 
κατά is the index of power of decision, has the man behind it. 
15. 389: κατὰ στόμα εἱμένα χαλκῷ, compare slang: ‘business 
end’. (Compare 23. 500: μάστι δ᾽ αἰὲν ἔλαυνε κατωμαδὸν). Thue. 
8. 100: ὡς κατὰ Kpdtos ... aipnoovres. Xen. Cyr. 4. 8. 7: νῦν μὲν 
οὖν οὕτω ταῦτ᾽ ἔχει Kat’ ἀνάγκην (compare Od. 5. 154: ἀνάγκῃ). 
Plat. Alc. 1, 106 E: κατὰ μνήμην τὴν ἐμὴν. Rep. 451 (: κατ᾽ 
ἐκείνην τὴν ὁρμὴν ἰοῦσιν. Gorg. 448 C, τέχνη, the capable guide; 
τύχη, the blind leading the blind. Prot. 317 C: οὐδενὸς ὅτου οὐ 
πάντων ἂν ὑμῶν καθ᾽ ἡλικίαν πατὴρ εἴην, am old enough to be. Polit. 
274 C, times against them; compare σὺν χρόνῳ. Legg. 6908 B: 
ἡμῖν yap Kat’ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον... πολιτεία τε ἣν παλαιὰ, times for 
us. 715 D: καθ᾽ ἡλικίαν γὰρ ὀξὺ βλέπεις, 1. 6., ἡ γὰρ ἡλικία ποιεῖ σε 
ὀξὺ βλέπειν. Critias 117 B. Hdt. 2. 70: ἐπακούσας δὲ τῆς φωνῆς ὃ 
κροκόδειλος ἵεται κατὰ τὴν φωνὴν, ἐντυχὼν δὲ τῷ νώτῳ καταπίνει, 5. δδι 
κατ᾽ ἔριν, i. q. ἐρίζουσαι. Thuc. 7. 44: διαμαρτόντες τῶν ὁδῶν κατὰ 


΄ 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 45 


τὴν χώραν ἐπλανήθησαν, χώρα controlled movement. Compare 
Ev. Mt. 9. 29: κατὰ τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν γενηθήτω ὑμῖν. 8. 13: ὡς 
ἐπίστευσας γενηθήτω σοι. Mc.5. 34: ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε. 

c. Control of one’s own or another’s action. 

Il. 1. 271: μαχόμην κατ᾽ ἔμ᾽ αὐτὸν ἐγώ. 2. 3.5: ἥδε δέ οἱ κατὰ 
θυμὸν ἀρίστη φαίνετο βουλὴ (contrast Od. 10. 29). 99. 3. 36, com- 
pare καταδεῖσαι. 8. 131. 9. 87. 302: τειρομένους ἐλέαιρε κατὰ στρατὸν. 
329. 463. 521. 10. 136. 184. 491. 507, φρὴν controls. 11. 167. 172. 
330: ἔνθα σφιν κατὰ ἶσα μάχην ἐτάνυσσε Κρονίων | ἐξ Ἰδης καθορῶν. 
46ο. 469. 12. 340. 15. 163. 384, resistless wave. 562, compare 
καταιδεῖσθαι. 682, skill. 16. 119, θυμός directed the result. 17. 167. 
732, contrast ἀνεχώρησαν in context. 18. 159. 19. 352. 20. 264. 
21. 14: ταὶ δὲ πτώσσουσι καθ᾽ ὕδωρ, their protection. 25, compare 
καταφεύγειν. 225. 236, under his control. 238. 24. 691. Od. I. 4. 
29: μνῆσατο yap κατὰ θυμὸν ἀμύμονος Αἰγίσθοιο, internal impulse. 
In composition only ἀνά, where reference is to external in- 
fluence; complementary notions. 294, result foreshadowed; 
divine will back of him. 3. 72. 106. 6. 34. 283. 7. 40: οὐκ ἐνόη- 
σαν | ἐρχόμενον κατὰ ἄστυ διὰ σφέας " od yap ᾿Αθήνη | εἴα, power im- 
parted. 144, compare σιγὴν κατακηρύττειν. ὃ. 232, compare κατὰ 
θάλατταν. 9. 299. 11. 9. 479, definite line of action (compare Io. 
492: ψυχῇ χρησομένους Θηβαίου Τειρεσίαο). 14. 46. 15. 453. τό. 
237: καί κεν ἐμὸν κατὰ θυμὸν ἀμύμονα μερμηρίξας | φράσσομαι, ener- 
gizing power. 318, crucial point. Xen. Cyr. 5. I. 11: ἕκαστος 
γοῦν τῶν καθ᾽ ἑαυτὸν ἐρᾷ. Oec. 11. 9: τὴν πόλιν μηδὲν κατ᾽ ἐμὲ χρήη- 
μασιν ἀκόσμητον εἶναι. The individuality of the actor is enhanced 
by the addition of αὐτός. Plat. Phaed. 64 ( : χωρὶς μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς 
ψυχῆς ἀπαλλαγὲν αὐτὸ καθ᾽ αὑτὸ τὸ σῶμα γεγονέναι. Polit. 298 C: 
καθ᾽ 6 τι χρὴ τοῖς φαρμάκοις ἡμας. . . χρῆσθαι. Crito 51 A: καθ᾽ 
ὅσον δύνασαι ἐπιχειρήσεις ἀνταπολλύναι. Hdt. 5. 3: εἰσὶ δὴ κατὰ τοῦτο 
ἀσθενέες, it is this that makes them so. 

d. Exercise of power constructively. 

Il. 1. 136: dpoavres κατὰ θυμὸν, ὅπως ἀντάξιον ἔσται. 286: κατὰ 
μοῖραν ἔειπες (COMpare 16. 333: τὸν δὲ κατ᾽ ὄσσε | ἔλλαβε... μοῖρα 
κραταιή. Eur. ΕἸ. 1248: ἃ μοῖρα Ζεύς τ᾽ ἔκρανε σοῦ πέρι). 2. 214: 
μὰψ, ἀτὰρ οὐ κατὰ κόσμον. 3. 59: ἐπεί με κατ᾽ αἶσαν ἐνείκεσας (Com- 
pare 24. 224: εἰ δέ μοι αἶσα | τεθνάμεναι. Od. 7. 197). 19. 256: 
εἵατο σιγῇ | ᾿Αργεῖοι, κατὰ μοῖραν, ἀκούοντες βασιλῆος (compare 
Xen. An. 2. 2. 20: σιγὴν κατακηρύξαντα), σιγῇ is μοῖρα. 22. 478: 
ἰῇ ἄρα γεινόμεθ᾽ αἴσῃ ἀμφότεροι, σὺ μὲν ἐν Τροίῃ Πριάμου κατὰ δῶμα, 


46 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


δῶμα channel of fate, as aioa is fate. 23. 626: Nai δὴ ταῦτά ye 
πάντα, τέκος, κατὰ μοῖραν ἔειπες, ἔπος 15 μοῖρα (pepow?): words 
justify, words condemn. Compare Od. 2. 100: poip’ ὀλοὴ καθέ- 
λῃσι τανηλεγέος θανάτοιο. 

e. Exercise of power destructively. 

Il. 3. 347: καὶ βάλεν ᾿Ατρεΐδαο κατ᾽ ἀσπίδα... |... ἀνεγνάμφθη 
δέ οἱ αἰχμὴ |. With verbs of striking, wounding, κατά marks 
the actor’s confident attitude, assumption of inevitable result ; 
ava implies an influence beyond his control. 356: 7 pa καὶ ἀμπε- 
παλὼν προΐει δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος, | καὶ Bade Ipiapidao κατ᾽ ἀσπίδα, in 
ἀνά the initiatory movement that may or may not succeed; in 
κατά the foreseen effect. Inward force contrasted with out- 
ward obstruction. Κατά connotes ‘nerve’, ἀνά ‘nerves’. 13. 
ADS. 172. AZ, 0.325; 

f. Emphasis on forces operative in nature. 

Il. 15. 61: λελάθῃ δ᾽ ὀδυνάων | αἱ viv pw τείρουσι κατὰ φρένας " 
Od. 15. 409: ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε γηράσκωσι πόλιν κάτα φῦλ᾽ ἀνθρώπων. 

g. Index of personal conviction. 

I]. 2. 409: ἤδεε yap κατὰ θυμὸν ἀδελφεὸν ὡς ἐπονεῖτο. 4. 163. 5. 
406. Od. 20. 93: μερμήριζε δ᾽ ἔπειτα, δόκησε δέ οἱ κατὰ θυμὸν. 22. 
373: ὄφρα γνῷς κατὰ θυμὸν, ἀτὰρ εἴπῃσθα καὶ ἄλλῳ. 

h. Intensity of personal feeling. 

Il. I. 429: χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν. 555: δείδοικα κατὰ φρένα, δέος 
behaves as φρὴν directs. 11. 658. 13. 86: καί σφιν ἄχος κατὰ 
θυμὸν ἐγίγνετο δερκομένοισιν. 338, channel for exercise of feeling. 
416: γηθήσειν κατὰ θυμὸν. 15. 21; 22. 409: κωκυτῷ τ᾽ εἴχοντο Kal 
οἰμωγῇ κατὰ ἄστυ. 414. 24. 512. 549: avoxeo, μηδ᾽ ἀλίαστον ὀδύρεο 
σὸν κατὰ θυμόν, meet the difficulty; do not let feeling control. 
Od. 1. 323. 4. 813. 5. 444: εὔξατο ὃν κατὰ θυμόν. 13. 379: ὀδυρο- 
μένη κατὰ θυμὸν, gives rein to grief. 17. 578 (compare 20. 171: 
οὐδ᾽ αἰδοῦς μοῖραν ἔχουσιν). 19. 390: αὐτίκα yap κατὰ θυμὸν dicaro, 
takes mental stand. 23. 345. 

(2). Κατά and xard-compounds with Genitive. 

a. Pure Genitive. The particle, as elsewhere, is the index 
of power; the case marks the limitation of power, the sus- 
pension of action by an external influence, reciprocality, contact. 
Il. 3. 217: ὑπαὶ δὲ ἴδεσκε κατὰ χθονὸς ὄμματα mygas,|...|... 
ἀίδρεὶ φωτὶ ἐοικώς. 5. 606: κατὰ δ᾽ ὀφθαλμῶν κέχυτ᾽ ἀχλύς, 13. 385, 
kept in touch. 504: αἰχμὴ δ᾽ Αἰνείαο κραδαινομένη κατὰ γαίης | 
ᾧχετ᾽, suspended, ineffective. 580. 16. 123. 18. 24: κόνιν αἰθα- 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 47 


λόεσσαν | χεύατο κὰκ κεφαλῆς, χαρίεν δ᾽ ἤσχυνε πρόσωπον. 19. 39: 
στάξε κατὰ ῥινῶν, ἵνα οἱ χρὼς ἔμπεδος εἴη, the power that sends the 
preservatives into the medium which absorbs them, codperates 
with them. 20. 321, ὀφθαλμοί and ἀχλύς must have it out between 
them. 21. 172, ἔγχος misses mark, passes out of actor’s control. 
23. 100, 282: ὑγρὸν ἔλαιον | χαιτάων κατέχευε, λοέσσας ὕδατι λευκῷ, 
reciprocal action between χαῖται and ἔλαιον. 765, κατά marks 
the power of the pursuer, the case the precedence of the pur- 
sued; in the shadow of control. 24. 642, the lingering contact 
of taste. Od. 6. 230: κὰδ δὲ κάρητος | οὔλας ἧκε κόμας, ὑακινθίνῳ 
ἄνθει ὁμοίας, κάρη lends support to κόμαι, as the living stem 
sustains the flower. 8. 85, κεφαλῇ lacks the help of φᾶρος. 9. 
330. 10. 362: θυμῆρες κεράσασα κατὰ κρατός τε καὶ ὥμων, the delight 
of the bath. 12. 93, home; free ingress and egress. 23. 156. 
24. 317. 

In the post-Homeric language the construction of κατά with 
genitive reflects the earlier usage, though the advance from 
the material to the moral sphere is distinct. Plat. Phaed. 
112 C: δυόμενα κατὰ τῆς γῆς... πάλιν εἰς τὸν Τάρταρον ἐμβάλλει. 
113 C, free movement in responsive environment: Sophist. 
232 C: κατὰ πάντων λέγηταί τι, series responding to generaliza- 
tion. 253 Β. Polit. 276C. Symp. 212 E: dpa καταγελάσεσθέ 
μου ws μεθύοντος ; he laughs best who laughs last; the worm 
will turn. Phaedr. 260 B: συντιθεὶς λόγον ἔπαινον κατὰ τοῦ ὄνου, 
ἵππον ἐπονομάζων, the actor surveys the field and awards praise 
or blame; the definition may not fit, the relation set up may 
not abide. 278 E: Νέος ἔτι. , . ὃ μέντοι μαντεύομαι κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ 
λέγειν ἐθέλω, he may turn out different. Gorg. 472A: ἐὰν 
βούλῃ κατ᾽ ἐμοῦ μάρτυρας παρασχέσθαι, on presumption of my 
guilt. Meno74B.77A. Menex. 249 E: ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μου μὴ κατε- 
ρεῖς, let it be a secret between us. Rep. 344 Ὁ: ὥσπερ βαλανεὺς 
ἡμῶν καταντλῆσας κατὰ τῶν ὥτων ἀθρόον καὶ πολὺν τὸν λόγον, could 
not help ourselves. 398 A: μύρον κατὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς καταχέαντες. 
411 A: καταυλεῖν καὶ καταχεῖν τῆς ψυχῆς διὰ τῶν ὦὥτων ὥσπερ διὰ 
χώνης ἃς νῦν δὴ ἡμεῖς ἐλέγομεν. .. ἁρμονίας, ψυχῆ responds to 
ἁρμονίαι as κεφαλῇ to μύρον. Critias 110 E: πρὸς τὴν στήλην προσ- 
αγαγόντες κατὰ κορυφὴν αὐτῆς ἔσφαττον κατὰ τῶν γραμμάτων, 
κορυφὴ locates σφαγῇ; γράμματα hold the effect of σφαγή in 
suspension before the eye. 120 A (compare Hdt. 4. 62). 
Legg. 637 E. 773 B. 800 Ὁ. 941 A: γραφαὶ κατὰ τούτων ἔστων ὡς 


48 ANA AND KATA IN (ὈΜΡΟΒΙΤΙΟΝ AND WITH CASE. 


ἀσεβησάντων. Ar. Eq. I0Q1: τοῦ δήμου καταχεῖν ἀρυταίνῃ 
πλουθυγίειαν. Nub. 74: ἀλλ᾽ ἵππερόν μου κατέχεεν τῶν χρημάτων, 
my purse must bear the brunt of all his horsiness. Vesp. 7. 
Lysias. τό. 8: ὅτι wepipavas ἐτόλμησάν pov καταψεύσασθαι, a par- 
taker, though unwilling, in the transaction. Xen. Cyr. 6. I. 36: 
αὐτὸς δ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ κατέγνων μὴ av καρτερῆσαι, had to admit the 
charge. Hdt. τ. 10: ὡς δὲ κατὰ νώτου ἐγένετο ἰούσης τῆς γυναικὸς 
ἐς τὴν κοίτην, had her at disadvantage. 75: κατὰ νώτου λάβοι. 
hier s:62- 

b. Genitive as Ablative. Whether, as the external limita- 
tion of action, the receptive, suspensory, transmissive force or 
the precipitative sense of the case is dominant is determined 
by the setting. The former capability implies the latter. κατά 
with ablative-genitive marks, in particular, the power of gods, 
of resistless streams and other forces of nature, the rush of 
the warrior, the impulse of personal feeling. 

Il. 1. 44: By δὲ κατ’ Οὐλύμποιο καρήνων χωόμενος. 2. 167. 5. 100. 
111: Cééveros δὲ καθ᾽ ἵππων ἀλτο χαμᾶζε. 6. 128: εἰ δέ τις ἀθανά- 
των γε κατ᾽ οὐρανοῦ εἰλήλουθας. 232: καθ᾽ ἵππων ἀίξαντε, | χεῖράς τ᾽ 
ἀλλήλων λαβέτην. ὃ. 410. 9. 15: ὥστε κρήνη μελάνυδρος, | ἥτε κατ᾽ 
αἰγίλιπος πέτρης δνοφερὸν χέει ὕδωρ. II. 423. 493. 13. 138. 530. 772: 
νῦν ὥλετο πᾶσα Kat’ ἄκρης | Ἴλιος αἰπεινῆ. 14. 208. 15. 79. 169. 237. 
16. 548: Τρῶας δὲ κατὰ κρῆθεν λάβε wévOos. 17. 438: δάκρυα δέ 
σφιν | θερμὰ κατὰ βλεφάρων χαμάδις ῥέε μυρομένοισιν. 18. 616. 20. 
52: ave δ᾽ ΓΑρης.... | 6&0 Kat’ ἀκροτάτης πόλιος Τρώεσσι κελεύων. 
189. 401. 22. 187. 411: πυρὶ σμύχοιτο κατ᾽ ἄκρης. Od. 4. 680: τὸν 
δὲ κατ᾽ οὐδοῦ βάντα, bearer of important tidings. 5. 313: ἔλασεν 
μέγα κῦμα κατ᾽ ἄκρης, Wherein the power is stored thence it is 
released. 6. 102: οἵη δ᾽ ἤΑρτεμις εἶσι κατ᾽ οὔρεος ἰοχέαιρα, her 
home; she has all the rights. 8. 508: κατὰ πετράων βαλέειν 
ἐρύσαντας ἐπ’ ἄκρης, external sphere would cooperate with 
action, exercised in either direction. 14. 399. 16. 190. Thuc. 
7. 44: κατά τε τῶν κρημνῶν, compare καταδιώκειν, Eur. 1. T. 1429: 
κατὰ στύφλου πέτρας | ῥίψωμεν. Plat. Legg. go09 B: πόλεις χρημά- 
των χάριν ἐπιχειρῶσι κατ᾽ ἄκρας ἐξαιρεῖν. Hdt. 6. 18, contrast κατὰ 
κράτος αἱρεῖν (Isoc. 4. 119) without reference to the previous 
condition of the object; action and its effect alone regarded. 
Aesch. Cho. 672: κατ᾽ ἄκρας... ὡς πορθούμεθα. Soph. Ant. 201. 
ΘΟ 1242, ur LA. 778; ΤῊ A nrg: 

As, in the construction of κατά with accusative—the interior 


ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 49 


channel of the action—the content of the substantive modifies 
the character of the connection, reflecting now one phase now 
another of the action, so in external situations the quality in- 
herent in the substantive with which κατά is combined is in 
harmony with now the one now the other of the limitative 
powers of the genitive—the exterior channel of the action— 
and helps to determine the function of the case in any setting. 
Thus, in κατὰ πέτρας ῥίπτειν the nature of πέτρα suggests the 
termination of the suspensive, the inception of the separative 
force of the case, whereas in καταγελᾷς pov the content of pov 
raises the notion of retardation of action. In Od. 8. 508 the 
two functions occur side by side: ἐπ᾽ ἄκρης, κατὰ πετράων ; and 
this would seem to be the natural order of development: sus- 
pension, precipitation. Pure genitive involves ablative poten- 
tiality ; ablative implies previous suspensory relation. 

Apart from the sphere of case, the same principle, involving 
the character and attitude of the subject, seems operative in 
the relation of οἷος to οἷός τε and of the final clause to the con- 
secutive. 


VIII. DISAPPEARANCE OF ἀνά AS PREPOSITION. 


In the complementary yet subordinate relation which ava 
holds to xara is found perhaps the chief reason for both the 
beginning and the end of its life as preposition. The associa- 
tion starts in the earliest language, e. g., Il. 3. 355: ἦ pa καὶ 
ἀμπεπαλὼν προΐει δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος, | καὶ βάλε Πριαμίδαο κατ᾽ ἀσπίδα, 
and persists until it emerges in such expressions as ἄνω κάτω, 
ἄνω καὶ κάτω, ἄνω τε καὶ κάτω, Whose indiscriminate sense is 
shown by the nature of the actions with which they are regu- 
larly connected; f. 1, Eur. H. F. 953: épwev. Bacch. 349: 
συγχεῖν. Ar. Lys. 709: περιπατεῖν (compare ‘up and down the 
porch’). Ach. 21: φεύγειν. Eq. 866: κυκᾶν. Dem. 21. QI: στρέ- 
dew. Dinarch. 1. 17: μεταβάλλειν. Plat. Gorg. 481 E, though here 
also the subordination of ἀνά is maintained in the order. Kara 
will have the last word, will lay the correcting hand on its 
unstable associate. It is the vacillating, passive, temporary 
character of ava that fits it as a foil to κατά and unfits it for 
prepositional use. ᾿Ανά points to conditions external to the 
action and to the actor, and it is chiefly when, in dramatic 
situations, the substantive is of such special character as to 


50 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE. 


harmonize in sense with the particle that the latter leaves the 
bosom of the verb. The combination with the abstract or 
semi-abstract noun (θυμός, ἰθύς, KAdvos, μάχη, ὅμιλος, οὐλαμός, 
φόνος), relatively unfrequent though this be, is an indication 
of the particle’s uneasiness in exile, its yearning for the return. 
It paints the picture, but needs the support of the verb. Kara 
by virtue of its active, independent, dominating nature is 
equally at home in the stream of the action and with all that 
is either effected or affected! by the action. ᾿Ανά reflects cir- 
cumstance; in κατά is written the record of character’s control 
of circumstance. 


1The exception, which excites Cobet’s ire (A. J. P. 5. 385), proves the 
rule. To -γελᾶν add -αρᾶσθαι, -κρίνειν, which are influenced by the be- 
havior of the uncompounded form. 


LIFE. 


The writer was born in Winchester, Virginia, May 10, 1857. 
After preparation at the Shenandoah Valley Academy he 
entered, October, 1879, the University of Virginia and there 
pursued chiefly the study of the classical languages. 

From 1886 to 1896 he was instructor in Latin and Greek in 
the Episcopal High School of Virginia. 

In October, 1896, he became a student of the Johns Hopkins 
University and received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
in June, 1899. 

Among the teachers in the Johns Hopkins Univerity to 
whom it is a pleasure to give public expression of thanks are 
Professors M. Bloomfield, C. W. E. Miller, and K. F. Smith. 

To Professor Gildersleeve both for his personal friendship 
and for the unique value of his teaching the debt of gratitude 
is greatest. 











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